The Legalization Of Euthanasia Law Essay

The Legalization Of Euthanasia legality EssayThe indecision of support has been very intriguing over time and across quad to a greater extent specifically the question of when aliveness begins and when life should end. With regard to when life should end, a lot of ethical nuances ar faced- mercy k goutying in perspective. The sound out mercy killing comes from the Greek words eu and thanatos which respectively mode good and death thus good death (Seamus and Shean 8). By extension, the circumstance is also used interchangeably with easy death and mercy violent death among others. The questions which should linger everybodys minds should revolve around the true meaning of life and explanation of the very moment it ends or rather should end. In addition, who should determine this peculiar(prenominal) moment when life begins and by what standards? Is mercy killing right or defile? higher up all, should it be well-groundedized? If yes why and if no why? That is why Seamu s and Shean (11) cite to it as a simple thing yet very complicated.This root explores the two divides of the subject on what arguments do the proponents and opponents of the pattern mystify forrad and what is their basis. In essence, this write up tries to look at these arguments in a much critical sense and an informed conclusion is arrived at. tally to Jennifer, Martha and Carolyn Roberts (1), euthanasia is either active or passive active and passive in the sense that the magnitude of the actions deems them so. The latter involves indirect participation of the person administering care, for instance, of a sick person, through among other things, stopping food supply (2). On the other hand, active euthanasia is either voluntary, involuntary or non-voluntary in which the patient role requests for it, the patient has non requested for it but is suffering in any case much (mercy killing) or the patient is not in a countersink to fall apart consent about what they want. This kind of distinction is important since it shall give insights on what conditions should lead to justified euthanasia. This is well seen in Contemporary righteous Problems in which White, James E. (11) distinguishes in the midst of causing a persons death and permit a person die. He also talks of the duty to die.The ample question is whether the act(s) discussed above should be profoundized or allowed by law. The question of legalisation or criminalization of euthanasia needs a multi-disciplinary approach that is cartel perspectives in, for instance, Law, Theology and Philosophy (Otlowski, Margaret 187). Due to the sensitivity of the issue, a compromise between the perspectives of all disciplines, or at least the major ones, has to be arrived at. In practical terms, due to diverse philosophical, medical, theological and righteous dispositions, unanimity may not be possible. But one thing is clear that modernity is a chief determinant of any position on euthanasia.The staple fibre argument in support of euthanasia, especially the active voluntary euthanasia is that every person has the right to choose what they feel is outperform for them. According to Otlowski, Margaret (188), once a patient requests a doctor to perform euthanasia on them, wherefore much(prenominal) doctor(s) should not be afraid of the exercise as it is not criminal- in this case. The author argues that the law is discriminatory as long as it does not allow the principle of self-determination to keep on for patients who are terminally ill. On the other hand the opponents of the claim maintain that there can never be a genuine corpse of verification on whether a patient truly asked for it. Further, terminally ill patients may lack sobriety of mind to know what befits them. Therefore in this case, a doctor may, in law, perform euthanasia.Does an individual render a right to commit suicide? This question can lead us to an answer to yet another question on whether a patient is ju stified to request to be killed. Proponents argue that persons who assist others end their lives should not be considered to have assisted in suicide because in Otlowski Margarets view, since the plebeian Law gives individuals close to constrained liberty (not right) to end their lives, then such persons should be free to seek related assistance if they are not able. In another perspective, euthanasia should not be outlawed because contrastive human rights stipulations propose hatfuls right to fair treatment and non-subjection to degrading conditions (terminal illnesses). In addition, a perspective transcending human rights (in the realm of legal rights) provides for great deals right to die. Consequently, States should have a duty to enforce this right. All persons should have a self-respecting death. Some people have argued that legal permissibility is preceded by moral uprightness and since some people consider euthanasia to be morally right, then it should be legally allow ed. This argument is similar with the abortion argument that since abortions are already happening, they should be institutionalized for safety purposes. In retrospect, euthanasia is no different.The case against the legalization of euthanasia has various reasoning directions. Opponents of euthanasia such as Sullivan and Kelly mainly use the doctrinal approach in which it is put that despite the circumstances, euthanasia is bad. This collection of reasoning includes, among others, the fact the human life is sacrosanct and human suffering adds value to life. The collectivity of reasoning based on pragmatism against legalization of euthanasia include the wedge argument, its effects on the society, uncertainty of a patients consent, the nuances involved in choosing the right criterion, a trifling need for euthanasia, that efforts on medical research are paralyzed and so on. In demystifying the above reasons, Otlowski Margaret has outlined some good insights (212-246).The doctrinal tho ught purports that human life is intrinsically valuable in which naught gives this value. It is indispensable in each person and nobody, including that sick person, has the discretion to take it away(p) or influence such activity leading to its end. Regarding illness, persons should do their best to prolong others life. The Ten Commandments expressly prohibits intentional killing.In a more than pragmatic perspective, legalization of euthanasia would lead to more social problems on life if it has not emanated from another life-ending exercise. In other words, countries which have legalized euthanasia had earlier legalized abortion thereby leading to more aged people who are economically handicapped and the need to reduce them. Such legal inclusion would further lead to rampant killings without genuine basis. This is popularly cognize as the wedge principle. It further stipulates that the pro-euthanasia side always has a obs repossess agenda beyond the face value. In moral ground s, there is no difference between any kind of euthanasia including that which the proponents push for legal entrenchment that is active voluntary euthansia. Legalization of euthanasia would lead to more killings which are not accounted for since it is not always easy to verify whether hence the disease was incurable and that money to clear medical bills could not be afforded. The opponents of legal euthanasia purport that there is always possibility of mistake in diagnosis which would lead to assertion that a disease would be incurable. Even if the diagnosis was correct, cure is always possible since in history, people claimed to be ever-ill have healed. Terminal illnesses are not the leading sea wolf in the world and should not be included in the Law of the country. Instead, governments should spend much effort in trying to curb killer diseases like Malaria, Tuberculosis and AIDS. If euthanasia were to be legalized, there shall exist some tense relationship between doctors and p atients who are very ill in fear that they cold be killed anytime thereby possibly dying of this fear. Above all, legalization of euthanasia would discourage medical research on cure to some serious diseases.In deciding whether to legalize euthanasia or not, several things should thus be put into consideration. In whatever is done, nobody should harm the other. In Libertarian Principle, the law should protect citizens from all harm and safe-conduct their interests and values. Legislators have to agree that there exists a relationship between moral and civil law because the latter was made possible by an innate consciousness that some things were right others wrong. While legalization of euthanasia sounds more liberal, the effects it has on the society are far much lethal.

The Temporary Guide Base Engineering Essay

The Temporary Guide Base Engineering Essay after(prenominal) the charactering units anchors have been deployed on the new stance the first full stop lowered is the temporary usher base (the TGB). This serves as a substructure for solely the other subsea equipment that will follow, and as an anchorage for the guideline cables on which that equipment will be run d proclaim to the sea- wrinkle.The TGB is a circular, octagonal or squ be, flat, steel frame of some 100 square feet in state which has compartments in which ballast materials plenty be hind endd. The unit al iodin unremarkably weighs about intravenous feeding tons, further it is heavily weighted with bags of cement, barite or other heavy materials before being lowered to the sea bed on the end of a string of drill pipe. A finical tool for releasing the TGB when it is in position is fitted to the drill pipe string, and this connects with a slot in the steel guidebase frame. On the underside of the frame four spik es project to dig into the sea bed and firmly anchor the unit. quaternary wires are attached to the edges of the TGB, and when it has been landed these are tensioned up and employ for channelise other items of equipment down to their locations above the TGB. There are also devil smaller lines for running TV cameras down for monitoring operations from the kennel on the drill floor. The guide line tensioners are large cylinders, installed in the cellar deck on the rig, that contain pistons which are positioned by carriage oblige. The amount of tension take on the guide lines is simply lap by adjusting the air push sensation.In the centre of the TGB frame is a gigantic circular aperture with a funnel shape projecting above it into which the place of another frame the ineradicable guide base will fit. The drill bit will commence cover exertion and all subsequent downhole operations will be conducted finished this aperture.3.0 THE PERMANENT GUIDE BASEThe lasting guide base (PGB) is another heavy steel frame, about 3 tons in weight and square in shape, that has a large-minded central aperture and a tall post on each nook through which the four guidelines run. The PGB serves as a landing seat for the fountainhead and as a guide for cut tools and the blow-out preventer stack which is eventually fixed above the tumefy up. The posts are used to locate the stack, which has arrangements to accept them within its own frame.The PGB is run down the guide lines to connect with the TGB, and there is a funnel-shaped undertaking around the aperture on its underside that inserts into the TGBs funnel-shaped top aperture and ensures an accurate fit.Beyond about 400 m water system depth the guidewire scheme does not take a crap too well so for deepwater a guideline less system using a capture funnel system is utilised.4.0 THE WELLHEAD/ plate HANGAR SYSTEMThe well is a large, cylindrical device housing s ever soal congenital fittings called vitrine hangars that are intentional to suspend the required arrive and sizes of guinea pig and tubing strings that will be used in the well. The wellhead/casing hangar locates through the holes in the two guide bases and fits into the top of the managing director casing after this has been run. It projects above the PGB, and is designed to connect with the have sex stack which is later run above it.The Subsea fountainhead is the main structural component which supports the lots generated during drilling operations and during product Operations. It is attached (welded) to the inner conductor (18 ) and is locked into the outer conductor, which itself is attached to the guide base. everywhere recent years two liaison profiles have become the nigh frequently used. These are proprietary designs k promptlyn as Vetco H-4 and the Cameron Clamp Hub profiles. roughly UK drilling rigs are equipped with a single high instancy stack, though two stack systems were previously in use, to a ppend a low pressure connection at the 20 and high pressure for the 13 5/8 in casing.The three main functions of a wellhead tin sack be considered as -To provide a location for suspension of casing strings.Each of the casing strings which run up through the well are physically suspended within the wellhead housing. Should the well be used for production, the production tubing is surplusly support and locked in position in the wellhead via the tubing hanger.To provide revenue stamp and Pressure ContainmentThis casting and containment takes place on two distinct areas, between the well and the environment and to provide isolation from between the casing and downhole structures.During drilling operations a Blow Out Preventer ( fuck) is installed on the wellhead at the base of the Marine Drilling Riser. The BOP is mandatory and used to value the rig and the environment at the seabed level in shift of gas kick from the well, to avoid a Blow Out.Allows the installation of period of time Control EquipmentShould the well be converted from an appraisal well into a forthcoming production (NORMAL CASE) or water dig well, the subsea Xmas Tree can be installed to provide flow crack from the well or from the shaft line or manifold..For subsea wells, the wellhead is support through the 30 in housing/conductor which is cemented into the first/primary soil system. The 30 abut housing consequently supports the familiar wellhead housing with the subsequent internal casing strings, each one supported via a casing hanger at the wellhead with a seal mechanism. The 30 inch housing supports the permanent guidebase which forms the main focussing mechanism for equipment being deployed subsea to the wellhead, during drilling and completion operations. quaternary Guide Posts and guide lines are used down to 400m. For deeper waters guide lines are not practical and funnel down or up systems are deployed.The BOP stack and subsequently the Xmas Tree are connected to the wellhead by a hydraulically operated conjunction.The primary environmental loading on the wellhead occurs during the drilling phase, when a high varying change form moment is transmitted through the riser pipeline main onto wellhead housing and then to the 30 inch housing/casing/formation through current, reel loads and drilling vessel movement. The wellhead housing is locked into the 30 inch wellhead and loads on the wellhead are transmitted into the 30 inch conductor.6.0 OVERVIEW OF SUBSEA OPTIONS SHALLOW AND DEEP WATERSThe challenges to subsea production in the future are considerable, with solutions required to the economical extraction of oil and gas from ever deeper waters in remote locations.Deep water options are illustrated in Figures 19 A 19 B.There are a number of options currently open in the movement of oil and gas from well to shore, and there are some limitations.Availability of investment capital to deliver the goods a profit from the expectation of sales of gas or oil in a depressed and volatile market.The adverse effects of hydrostatic pressure on sensitive subsea equipment.The limiting effects of hydrostatic pressure on the means of maintenance and intervention with subsea equipment.Mechanical limitations on the persona of host.The limiting particularors of distance between well and host.Surface climatic conditions impact the host annual storm patterns, ice, etc.Subsea production equipment used to be much more expensive than land-based equipment, adapted for use on inshore political programs. This was by way of specification, manufacturing quality, complexity etc., as well as the requirements for specialist tools with which to run the equipment. Nowadays costs of subsea informations are very competitive to platform based systems. This is due to more than 15 years of operational experience, apologue simplification, and competition coupled with the use of more simple functional specifications.An additional feature of subsea p roduction systems is their designed ability to operate in deepwater ( speculator less) areas. The development of deepwater systems, the installation and operational support systems using ROVs has been a major banding in recent years. In earlier years such diver less systems were more expensive that diver assisted systems, but the advances now make then very similar in cost. In fact diver less operations using ROVs can be more cost effective than the use of very costly divers (requiring all the life support systems and complex DSV).The purpose of subsea wellhead isTo support BOP and seal with well casing during drilling To support and seal the subsea production tree To support and seal the well casing To support and seal the production tubing hangerThe three main functions of a wellhead can be considered asi)To provide a location for suspension of casing stringsEach of the casing strings which run up through the well are physically suspended within the wellhead housing. Should the well be used for production or injection, the tubing is additionally supported and locked in position in the wellhead via the tubing hanger (T.H.) when conventional bivalent bore trees are used.(ii)To provide Sealing and Pressure ContainmentThis sealing and containment takes place on two distinct areas, between the well and the environment and to provide isolation from between the casing and the down hole completion structures.During drilling operations a Blow Out Preventor (BOP) is installed on the wellhead at the base of the Marine Drilling Riser. The BOP is mandatory and used to treasure the rig and the environment at the seabed level in outcome of gas kick from the well, to avoid a Blow Out and the riser is mandatory to return the drilling fluids, etc to the rig. Refer to additional figures in have words L 5 B.(iii)Allows the installation of Flow Control EquipmentShould the well be converted from an appraisal well into a future production (NORMAL CASE) or water injection wel l (or gas injection well), the subsea Xmas Tree can be installed to provide production flow control from the well or into the well from the injection line or manifold.In these notes, the emphasis is on the subsea wells drilled from a semi submersible or a drill ship. In the southern North Sea and in water depths generally up to 100 m, jack-up rigs are also used. These provide a fixed platform from which to drill the wells and the well can be directly tied back into the rig. During drilling operations, a high pressure riser system connects the well with the jack-up and no subsea B O P system is necessary.For subsea wells, the wellhead is supported through the 30 housing / conductor which is cemented into the first / primary soil formation. The 30 housing then supports the internal wellhead housing with the subsequent internal casing strings. Each one is supported via a casing hanger at the wellhead and with a seal mechanism. The 30 housing supports the Permanent Guide Base which form s the main guidance mechanism for equipment being deployed subsea to the wellhead, during drilling, completion operations and work over operations. 4 Guide Posts and guide lines are used down to 500m .For deeper waters, guide lines are not practical and other guidance systems are in use with exploration drilling now reaching -2800m. Refer to section 6.The BOP stack and subsequently the Xmas Tree are connected to the wellhead by an hydraulic operated collet connector. Over recent years two connection profiles have become the most frequently used. These are proprietary designs cognize as Vetco H-4 and the Cameron Clamp Hub profiles. Most UK drilling rigs are equipped with a single high pressure stack, though two stack systems were previously in use, to provide a low pressure connection at the 20 and high pressure for the 13 5/8 casings. A single connection of the BOP stack to the wellhead is the generally trustworthy method.The primary environmental loading on the wellhead occurs during the drilling phase, when a high varying bending moment is transmitted through the riser onto wellhead housing and then to the 30 housing/casing/formation through current, wave loads and drilling vessel movements. It is now honey oil policy to run the two top joints of 1 wall onerousness joints of 30 to provide the resistance to the anticipated loads, when previously, only 1 casing was considered. The wellhead housing is locked into the 30 conductor and loads on the wellhead are transmitted into it.In addition to the drilling loads the wellhead may be subjected to impact and snagging loads associated with construction activities and accidental incidents such as fishing trawl board impacts and pull over forces. These loads are transmitted through the production tree into the wellhead connector and through into the 30 conductor.SUBSEA XMAS TREES FUNCTIONS7.1 GeneralThe Xmas Tree is the primary flow control system for fluid flow from or into the well. The flows which can be co nsidered overwhelm the following -(a) Production, produced fluids from the oil/gas/condensate bearing formation pass-up through the well tubing and the Xmas Tree.(b) Injection, treated, inhibited seawater is pumped from the host speediness into the well to provide pressure support for the reservoir. fuck up injection/administration excess gas is pumped into an adjacent reservoir for temporary storage or in limited cases, pressure maintenance.Oil production with Gas lift, gas is pumped from the host facility, through the annulus to subsurface injection points in the tubing. The inclusion of gas into the produced fluid reduces the column density to allow for the reservoir pressure to flow the well. It is a flow boosting technique but with a low efficiency.

Computer mediated communication

Computer in end pointediate converse1. Introduction genial web sends (SNSs) imbibe become tumesce-nigh of the most popular online destinations in recent years (comScore, 2007a, 2007b). Academic researchers attain started find come forwarding the subprogram of SNSs, with questions ranging from their role in identity construction and sort (boyd Heer, 2006) to the building and maintenance of friendly capital (e.g., Ellison, Steinfeld, Lampe, 2007) and concerns ab let on privacy (e.g., bring in Acquisti, 2005 Hodge, 2006). While these atomic number 18as of inquiry be all important and worthy of exploration, a signifi croupt antecedent question has been hugely increase Are at that position systematic interconnection between the level at which expendrs show online with their friends and offline with their counterparts, and argon mountain equally likely to act in a identical or different way comparing their online and offline life? This article sets proscribed t o lecture this question.2. Literature Review2.1Online Offline A DistinctionOnline offline bill bem intake been generalized from computing and telecommunication into the field of view of human inter own(prenominal)ized descents. The singularity between what is considered online and what is considered offline has become a subject of study in the field of selective information processing system mediated communication. The distinction between online offline is conventionally seen as the distinction between computer mediated communication and face to face communication respectively. Online is virtuality and offline is true(a)ity. Slater D. (2002533) states that the distinction is so far too candid. To support his inclination that the distinction in traffichips argon much complex than a simple online offline dichotomy, he observes that approximately quite a little draw no distinctions between an online birth much(prenominal) as including in cybersex, and offline rela tionship such(prenominal) as existence pen pals. Slater to a fault asserts that there atomic number 18 legal and regulatory pressures to reduce the distinction between online and offline with a general melt downency to befool online to offline and erase the distinction,stressing that this does non mean online relationships atomic number 18 being trim back to pre-existing offline relationships. He also conjectures that an online/offline distinction whitethorn be seen by people as rather quaint and not quite intelligible within 10 years.Individuals online activity also depends on his/her online identity or net income approximatelybodya. This online identity or lucre persona is a favorable identity that an meshing expendr establishes in online communi guides or websites. Although roughly people elect to function their real names online, most internet procedurers prefer to be anonymous, identifying themselves by means of pseudonyms, which reveal varying amounts of i n the flesh(predicate)ly placeable training.2.2FriendshipIn addition to differences in kind cues in online and offline environments, companionship is delineate differently on amicable vaneing sites than it is in offline relationships. MySpace defines Friendship as whatever kind of mutual relationship among its members. Adding a friend to a run of contacts is not necessarily an indication of feelings for that person. Rather, it is seen as an expansion of peerlesss favorable mesh topology. In an ethnographic study of teenage users, boyd (2006a) distinguishes friendship from Friendship the former refers to a secretive relationship between two people and the latter refers to an online tie that connects people on well-disposed network sites. boyd (2006a) distinguishes between several types of online Friends including underweight offline friends and acquaintances, family members, work and school mates, admired people and strangers.boyds (2006a) and Dwyers (2007) work suggest s that most users do not take online friendships seriously and consider most of them to be superficial. boyd explains that whatsoever of the relative superficiality can be attri provideded to well-disposed pressures associated with Friending (adding friends to list of contacts) online. whatsoever users, as according to boyd, (2006a25)prefer to accept Friendships with someone they ba imprecate complete rather than going finished the socially awkward process of rejecting them spell early(a)s hope that Friending a celebrity depart make them look cool.Bigge (2006) suggests that users hive away friends to increase their social capital. The element of status associated with accumulating friends may explain the large number of friends that most users contract linked to their composes. According to Rosens (2006) study, MySpace users link an average of 200 friends to their profile, m all an(prenominal) of whom they prevail never met face-to-face. This clarifies to some extent o n the way most users perception attitude towards online and offline friends.2.3Purpose of being OnlineDespite the assert superficiality of relationships, users participate in social networking sites to develop new relationships, control somemagazine(a)er friendships, and expand their social networks (Dwyer, 2007 Gallant, et al., 2007 boyd, 2006a boyd, 2007). Participants in Dwyers 2007 study indicated that they use networking sites because they come through and through an inexpensive, easy and convenient way of managing social relationships. Gallant, et al. (200721) conclude from their content outline of focus groups of MySpace and Facebook users that participants access network sites for staying in touch with friends, making social plans, communicating with other(a)s and purpose out suggestly them, and dating. In other studies, users bill the usefulness of social networking sites as a means of establishing contact with old friends and people they do not see regularly (D wyer, 2007).Online social interactions be informed by different rules and backgrounds than offline relationships. Dwyer (2007) explains that computer-mediated communication on social network sites can reduce and delay the transmission and perception of social context cues. Social context cues elicit cognitive interpretations of a given so far offt which shapes peoples communication. Dwyer explainsWhen social context cues are strongly perceived, behavior becomes much otherfocused and conservatively managed. Conversely, with communication of these cues is weak and cues are not perceived, feelings of anonymity result in more than egotism-centered and unregulated behavior.boyd (20078) suggests that online forums (as an example MySpace) provide spaces for teens to do identity work online. boyd argues that networking sites such as MySpace facilitate aspects of life substitution to teen identity formation, including exploration of social and cultural identities, social relations , and performances of the egotism. boyd (2006c) suggests that the dynamics of identity production online include a considerable emphasis on the construction of cool. Most of todays teens prefer to demonstrate cool or to be called as so. Comments on sites such as MySpace serve as organisation from peers and, boyd (2006c para. 18)argues, as a form of cultural currency. Validation as well as banish feedback online can influence users self-esteem. Valkenburg, et al. (2006) found in a study of 881 Dutch teenage users of a social network site similar to MySpace that the publicly visible feedback they received on their profiles affected their social self-esteem and well-being. Positive feedback, which nearly 80 percentage of the participants received, enhanced their self-esteem, whereas negative feedback, which seven percent of the singulars pursueed received, reduceed their self-esteem (Valkenburg, et al. 2006). This shows that the behavior of users possessing themselves online re late to their lives to some degree. On networking sites, users social networks may overlap. For instance, users may be linked to close friends, acquaintances, co-workers and family members through the same profile. The identity the user establishes online may be enamor for friends but not for relatives or co-workers (boyd, 2006a, Snyder, et al., 2006 Bigge, 2006). Due to this, some users stir their profile name or dis bunco name other than the real one to be limited within their friends circle.2.4Disclosure of users InformationUsers employ text and images in their profiles and blogs to describe who they are, what they like, and what they do. Through their posts, users send greetings, exchange messages, make plans, flirt, and maintain contact. These features of social networking sites allow users to reveal information about themselves and their lives. Stutzman (2006) suggests that while disclosing this information is optional, many users include it in their profiles. Stutzman (2006 1) attributes the high level of disclosure of personal information online to the inherent sociality of social network communities. Though many users share personal information, its validity is unproven.Some users intentionally mask their offline identities by using pseudonyms or remaining anonymous for fear of consequences link up to disclosing sensitive or socially undesirable personal characteristics. Although these strategies may mitigate users privacy concerns, unintended audiences qualification still be able to find them through friends profiles (boyd, 2007). Unintended audiences such as employers, educational institutions, law enforcement officials, and marketing companies can access and use private information that users make public online. Employers can monitor menstruation and potentiality employees through social networking sites (Bigge, 2006 Snyder, et al., 2006). Some colleges and schools keep track of their students posts on networking sites and issue offline punish ments for socially undesirable or illegal activities disclosed online (Barnes, 2006). Prosecutors and constabulary officers could potentially use online data to investigate interactions between suspects and victims (Schesser, 2006). Bigge (2006) and Barnes (2006 para 3) strike hard the fact that social network sites coordinate the interpersonal exchanges between American teens and global brands. For Snyder, et al. (2006), who analyze the terms of use document of MySpace, these unintended audiences set on the social contract of networking sites because they use the sites for information seeking rather than for networking with others.Parents and lawmakers are concerned about the behavior of teens and children online. Through legislation such as the Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 (COPPA) and the 2006 Deleting Online Predators Act (DOPA), lawmakers try to protect youthfulness teenagers from social network sites by requiring public libraries and schools to install In ternet filters (boyd and Jenkins, 2006). Librarians and academics verbalized worries in response to these acts, citing concern for the development of a new digital divide in which users who rely on public access would be deprived of socializing online (Miller, 2006 boyd and Jenkins, 2006).Many parents express concerns about their childrens use of social networking sites. In a survey of 267 pairs of adolescent MySpace users and their parents, Rosen (2006) found that 63 percent of parents think that sexual predators use MySpace 81 percent of them were concerned about teens meeting online friends in offline pickles and, 88 percent of them were worried about the visiting card of sexual photos. Despite their expressed concerns, many parents are not snarled in their childrens use of social networking sites (Rosen, 2006 Rogers, et al., 2007). In Rosens (2006) study, one third of the parents did not know what kind of personal information their children were disclosing online 43 percent of them did not know how much time their children spent on social networking websites and, 62 percent of them had never talked to their children about such sites. Moreover, parents imposed little restrictions on their childrens use of these websites. Fifty percent of the teenagers surveyed in Rosens study were allowed to have computer in their bedroom and less than half of the parents set limits to their childrens computer use and the use of online sites. This is consistent with Rogers et al.s (2007) study in which barely 15 percent of the adolescent participants report having limits on their use of these Web sites.3. compendium Online intimate friendship relationship is a rare phenomenon and so could be summed up in some cases only in terms of lying and deception, they would not be so common. For many of those who have known someone intimately through the internet, the relationships have proven to be positive, if not life-changing bangs. Lies and misre monstrances have been broug ht to explain some of these tendencies but they only begin to constitute a fuller hypothetic mechanism. Research in this area often address what seems to be a working paradox in online dating sites the connection between a pragmatic, consumerist tool for meeting others wrapped up in romantic and magic discourses. Individual, social and mediatized conceptions about making love, and connecting gave us new sights into an activity whose popularity calls for reference to a broad social context. When individual engage in online communication/conversation, the spectacle in turn enhance a regime of communication that could be expound as spectral, its quality being a confessional transparency. As noticed, users will tend to describe their inner feelings in detail, well-defineding their soul in a manner that is in part imputable to the physical absence of their interlocutors. imagery will play a crucial role, and conceptions of love, past experiences, stereotypes and phantasms will be used along with the acted information gained from the communication to construct an image of the potential partner and the story of their meeting.Online daters will tend to shorten this period, in their inclination to avoid deception after having imagined someone incorrectly or having face its own deformed or incomplete projection. Problem is that the interpretation of a persons mediated representation does not always accord with the actual in-real-life presentation of that person. On other occasions, the cause of the mismatch is not misrepresentation, but simply lies. According to Albright, perhaps the lowered accountability levels of online interactions and the inability to pinpoint an online personal to a solid offline identity might foster such facades and lower peoples inhibitions about lying. It is more difficult, though, to assert that playing on online places which of course happens a lot in preaching groups, social networks and online dating sites can elapse to long lasting relationships ( particularly if they go face to face). Indeed what could be considered as playing in an overtly playful space seems to be related more to lying and concealing in other spaces, such as online dating sites, where false information about physical look and occupational status erupt. As an example, woman is prepared to meet a six feet tall lawyer could be surprised to be confront with a rather a short programmer or even a child.Flirting and playing go to rileher, but the lack of physical proximity between dyadic partners opens the door to misrepresentation. But as a matter of fact, playing with ones body, personality and social status can also lead to sexual dysfunctions, cheating and criminal deviance such as harassment, rape or pedophilia. Playing is ok as long as every participant actually knows that he/she is in playing frame, which is not always the case online. There exist online places such as punt life where playing with gender, physical characteristic s and personality is the norm. Flirting and intimate relationships abound there as well but the rules are clear this is granular and you can play as such.Whitty et,al (2001624) rateEven if people are not engaging in cybersex or exchanging photos, we cannot disregard the importance of body or physical attraction. This is because- even in absence of photographs- bodies are hypothesize through users imaginations. Moreover, imaginations can give fantasized vision of the self and the others.Whitty et al, (2001) use notions such as play potential space, transitional objects and splitting to construct a probing psychoanalytical lecture about online beg. Psychoanalytic approach that Whitty Carr (2001623) sayPlay is all about illusion , such illusion can only be sustained provided play can be unplowed within a frame work of its own- a frame which seeks to split up it from ordinary life.The objective of online dating sites is to change online connection rapidly in the hope of developing intimate relationships (Casual sex or Cybersex). In discussion groups or SNSs, the point is to allow perspective couples to meet online, then may be offline, in the hope of finding people who will deduce each others feelings, share their own and eventually (in some situations) become more intimate.The very sense of a body attached to personal information could be considered to be more important in dating sites than in discussion groups, since the goals- which may still be the same for some users- are not dealt with in the same way. As a matter of fact, departure an online profile with no photographs is giving oneself no chance of being contacted. In an online community, people get to know each other based on shared interests, not with perceived physical attractiveness of the participants. In theory, this works, but in fact, online flirting happens everywhere, even where it is not assumed to. How users who experience online romance define romance and love at large prior to and dur ing their online explorations has not been thoroughly discussed by internet researchers as such.Before reading profiles on an online dating sites or being interested in the person cornerstone certain online discussion posting on a community sites, a user hold wealth of personal conception about what he/she is/isnt, likes/dislikes, loves/hates and so on. This conception may change in the course of ones online intimate experience that could provide critical insight into the individual social integration of online connection.However, according to Anderson (2005), people who experience online romance do it in miscellaneous online places but one thing they share is that they can conceive of finding love by using the internets online connection.In terms of finding love online, for many of us, it is not an easy thing. Working long hours, some of them alone, others at remote places, feeling caught in an improper relationship, being tired of a series of dreams with no tomorrows, lacking the confidence to face interesting prospects or just wanting to try something that supposedly works well, millions of people have been drawn to the internet over last few years, looking for individuals with whom to hap and to bond.That is probably why many online researchers have ascertained that online intimacy is make up and maintained mainly by practice, commitment and high level of self disclosure. It is difficult to theoretical framework that fully describes what is going on and when (two or) more people are flirting on the web or not. If individuals are to successfully develop a romantic relationship from an online dating site, they submit to present a balance between an attractive and a real self on their profiles. Observing that online daters tend to meet each other fece to face more quickly than do participation in other kinds of online based relationships, Whitty(2001) suggests, in doing so, they can and want to avoid the frequent lies and embellishments associated wit h personal profiles. Also she holds that it shuts up the potential presence of a true self (referring to what someone would like to be, but is not yet able to be), which, in theory, emerges slowly, coupled with high self-disclosure, institutionalize and commitment. On another side, as she observed in her research, at the same time a seeking out authentic and genuine profiles, individuals were also looking for the more attractive and likable profiles. Engaging on an online conversation, knowing friends friends on any SNSs, or pose a profile on an online dating agency is easy and well-worn in itself. But it can lead to profound changes in ones life. everywhere recent years, many researchers have communicate romantic relationships initiated on the internet.4. Overview on HypothesisThe hypothesis set out in this composition includes the change in the perception delinquent to shift of online relations to offline relation and vice-versa, advantages and disadvantages of doing it with regards to the use of SNSs through the internet. To establish and get into the hypothesis set out in here, individual interviews have been employed in order to fully get into the subject. Except the individual short interviews, content analysis of the papers related to the use of SNSs as well as the survey questionnaires were also intentional and disseminated to 55 international students of the two universities in Cyprus University of capital of Cyprus The European University Cyprus.As we are facing the world of fast-changing pace, it is hard to generalize the finding from the study of such a small group of people. However, the results obtained so far will give genuine insights to further research in the same area. carry offline relations to online seems very easy provided that the users real life friends or relatives are facilitated through the use of the internet or else they have not been regarded as the victims caused by the so called digital divide. On the other hand, bring ing online relations to offline may result to both advantages and disadvantages. The term trust has more to play the role in it. Because some people show their trust to the people met online that the information provided by them online are factual and true, whereas some do not find any trust in those information. It requires a sort of experience or say, the psychological knowledge to understand the motive of the strangers met online to decide whether or not he/she should meet him/her offline. In this regard, a genuine person who always flows true and factual information through the internet and holds mightily desire of friending through online process may be the victim of some who do not trust online friends any more. The current fears of internet fraud, identity theft and the fakesters have constantly loosened in the extent of trust among the moderate internet users. Spam, junk mail and many other alien mails coming everyday into the inbox are also the cause in declining the trus t in the internet.Bringing offline relations to online seems the everyday routine of most of the internet users. The use of internet and its know-how is growing rapidly throughout the world. Today, many rely on the internet and cannot even think of their lives without being into it. Internet users even tend to see their offline friends online with the motive of being able to contact at any time, and also know how they are up to though they are physically very far. With regards to strangers online meeting them in real life situations seem unpredictable for everyone. For some, it is like a game as well as an interesting part of their life. Doing so, many get engaged for long time relationships, some as business partners and so on.5.MethodsTo accomplish the objective of the paper, triple methodologies have been incorporated Interviews Survey Content Analysis 5.1InterviewsInterviews conducted is the semi-structured consisting of 12 individuals who have their profiles on social network ing sites many of them being on facebook and Hi5. Interview questions (see Apendix) ranges from their demographics information, perceptions and appreciation of online communications, involvement in SNSs, chatting preferences, time spent on the internet as well as the views on friends online/offline. Only the information obtain from individual semi-structured interviews were insufficient to come answer the proposal question raised in the paper. Hence other methods of research have also been carried out. Interview took place in different physical locations in Cyprus and just about 6 individuals were interviewed online through facebook.5.2SurveyA set of questionnaire was designed and disseminated to 55 international students of the two universities (University of Nicosia European University Cyprus) in Cyprus. The set of questionnaire consists of questionnaire that consists of 33 questions splitting them in trey sections (see Appendix). The first section (section A) consists of 6 qu estions and collects the participants demographic information such as A/S/L, married status, occupation, country of origin enate education. inclusion of parental education in the demographic information is aimed to find whether participants parental education level is linked with their online offline perceptions or behaviors. 21 questions on the abutting section (Section B) address on the participants involvement with the internet, its use. More use or the less use of the internet and the time spent on any social network sites by any individual can be the basis to reveal the participants behaviors and perceptions regarding online/offline friends and connections. Last section of the questionnaire (Section C) is an attempt to explore the users online and offline behaviors, expectations, language used and the priority among online or offline friends. This section includes 6 questions all of which address how users intend to establish connections to their online friends (strangers and not strangers) and offline friends in their real life situations. 5.3Content AnalysisMany studies have been carried out on the issues of social network sites and their use. Distinguishing the users and non-users of social networks sites has also been studied. Stutzmans.(2006) An evaluation of identity-sharing behavior in social network communities has addressed a bit of online and offline behaviours of the internet users being focused on social network sites. Danah m boyd has been continually contributing to the social network sites and their use through her study. More and more sequential research made by boyd regarding the use of internet especially focusing teenagers have given more insights for accomplishing this paper. These two researchers are the basis to ground the theoretical aspects ranging from the meaning of SNSs to their use, internet persona as well as identity construction online. Hence, this paper also uses the content analysis approach of the study carried out b y these two researchers in the field of social network sites and their use, but in a brief.6.Results Discussion on FindingsDemographicsThe study sample of international students taken from the two universities in Cyprus is skewed towards more male around 71.7%, egg-producing(prenominal) users being only 28.3% of total 55 students, 55.7% were Nepalese whereas the rest (36.3%) were Indian background. Regarding the parental education of the participants, fathers of 30% participants were postgraduates and none of the participants father were illiterate. 15 % of the participants reported that their mothers are illiterate. The age of the sample size of this study ranges from 18-30 years. With reference to the marital status, 54.5% were single and 45.5% were married. None of the participants were reported to be in a relationship or divorced. Results obtained from 12 individual semi-structure interviews are more consistent with the results obtained from the survey and hence the following results and discussion does not fully mention the interviews due to the space problem in this paper. However, the interviews have been the basis to carry out the study and bring it to the final readable form.Internets UseRegarding the average use of internet per week (see table 2), no womanly person participants use internet for more than 15 hours a week. Majority of male (30.9%) were reported to use internet up to 15 hours a week whereas only 16.3% female do so, the study shows. The first task of the users while connecting to the internet, 27% state they check mails (46% female and 20% male), 18% open messenger (26 % female 15% male), 18% browse for news (25 % male) and around 37% open social network sites (26% female 40% male). The term Social network Sites was not known to any of the participants in the sample. When it first appeared in the questionnaire, participants raised the question to the real indication of SNS. Participants were then asked whether they have known or he ard of SNSs. c % participants said that it is a complete unknown term for them. When they are clarified with the term SNSs, speed of light% reported that they have their profiles in at least one or more SNSs. Of many SNSs around the world available to everyone in the internet, sample said that they know only 7 SNSs of 16 SNSs mentioned in the questionnaire. Facebook, Hi5 and Bebo are the three social network sites that all participants have heard of and also have their profiles. The table 1 below is the illustration of knowing of SNSs reported by the sample of the study.Social networking sites respondents profileSNSsRespondentsTotalMaleFemaleOrkut52%38%53%Windows Live Space36%26.6%29%LinkedIn14.5%15%13.3%Bebo100%100%100%MySpace34%37.5%26.6%Facebook100%100%100%Hi5100%100%100%Table 1As the sample recorded that the participants have their profile at least in one or more SNSs. It is now vital to get the data on how real are the information placed on their profiles taking into serious considerations on names, gender, age, location etc. 80% said

Development Using XNA Game Studio

victimisation Using XNA plot studio ap artistic creationmentChapter 1 PrefaceOver the departed a few(prenominal) courses where some(prenominal) dimensional and collar dimensional intense has been go ford consecutively for constructing calculating machine grittys and console secret plans. Two dimensional brilliant bets progress to been actu onlyy favourite since the causening of 1940s and thats where it only started at the first place. It started with 2D peppys at first which is spuded for the drill of arcade briny(prenominal) t chokeks and console machines, fol confuseded by the organic evolution of ready reckoner jeopardizes for mainframe calculators. finished the innovation tuition of dimensional pictural grittys, 3 dimensional wagers were to issue as the well-nigh best-selling(predicate) play genre which started in the latterly 80s. notwithstanding despise forein truth last(predicate) the tabugrowth of 3D backs in the feistys packa ge industries, 2D peppys atomic number 18 solace being real in the spic-and-span market. This is beca persona 2D championships be lock being prefer by much a(prenominal) commonwealth in the world, and pay qualified to this stay, jeopardizes whackyw be product vendors ar still fetching account of 2D games discipline.In the past few years, starting from the year 2000, 2D games starts to be stick to widely k at present and played by some(prenominal) holdrs with the study of mobile games and net profit meshing establish games. There bring in been movey discipline of 2D engineering to stimulate red-hot-fangled operation games for the growing internet ne 2rk, much than and more than clearsite incorporate web base 2D mini games, online games and gravel games.Its been proven that 2D games be acquiring more and more familiar comp ard to the years sooner year 2000, and with more websites trying to incorporate 2D games towards their web as the 3r d party coverings political programmeme. Such website is like the ever popular facebook.com incorporating hundreds and heretofore thousands of 2D games as the 3rd party game practise to attract more and more people towards joining the social web ne dickensrk.Few years back, Microsoft introduced the XNA lame studio apartment packet distri justed a chump the internet to en equal to(p) softw ar softw atomic number 18 engineers to machinate vernal games for windows course of study and as well the sweet XBOX 360. The XNA game studio is commissi nonp atomic number 18ild software, only if with the MSDN athletic supporter, the author as a student get to have the chance to hold back a tryout of this Microsoft XNA game studio. According to Microsoft, XNA game studio depart essential to be incorporated with Microsoft optic studio to en commensurate references to be added in the scheme compute.If we were to look back few years before, growing a game level for a de vil dimensional game would took probably months and take wipe out years, a unproblematic in-person computer would not even be sufficient to steer the clay inscribes, execute the game, and debug the dodging. And even with the availability of the t severallying whoresons, it would surely charter serious experts to come out with a game outline steganography, collectible to the complicated level of schedule nomenclature on tap(predicate) during the urban measures. In an an different(prenominal)(prenominal) speech communication there are roughly none reading tools available to r distri scarceively in the hands of the student, or internet substance abusers to develop their own games by themselves. And by looking at the games ontogenesis now, and comparison them, it is a breakthrough for the games evolution.As I foresees the ontogenesis potential for ii dimensional games, I am sure that both(prenominal) dimensional game result have fate of education potentia l in the future, as its been proven schooling of deuce dimensional games did not stop although third dimensional games been just about for quite a long succession, it didnt supervise to flip the two dimensional games market its engineering science. There are quite a few causas why two dimensional games are still around exploitation, which primarily are because of its loud organic evolution damage, impartial development process, uncomplicated for users to con gradientr and well played. Its one of the solid grounds why Microsoft, the top player in IT effort is still in for two dimensional games development and peeping for the breakthrough for it by creating development tools to view as the development of two dimensional games.Chapter 2 victimization Tools universeThis chapter was designed to elaborate the use of distributively development tools which is related towards maturation the XNA BubbleB unanimous Attack 2D game. In inn to give this game frame a fru ctify of software development tools film to be inst all told(a)ed on the developers machine to enable full gestate to the game trunk. each place developing tools which is related in the development process includes DirectX SDK (DirectX Software phylogenesis Kit) a crash of application computer programing interfaces designed to handle tasks. It is a development tool containing all DirectX software involve to build and produce cutting-edge, rich media interactive applications.Microsoft .NET fashion model is admitd for its program program subroutine library reference of cryptography solutions to common problems and local machine to manage execution of regulation relieve programs specifi bring forwardy for the Microsoft fabric.Microsoft optic studio apartment 2008 is the development tool employ to write for the game dodge coding. This application is utilise to build up the game transcription code, code debugging process, dodge bearing design, execution of gam e system, it is principally the central development tool utilize in this project.Microsoft XNA feisty studio apartment is utilized by me the system programmer to design the vivification, sound, and the entire mul termdia enhancement required for the game system. This tool is required to be include in this process to enable the coding linguistic processs to add references in its library saddles and to execute the library appoints in the Microsoft opthalmic studio 2008. Without this tool, the coding phrase pull up stakes never be execute because failure in retrieving the coding archive a moods from the library points. adobe Photoshop C3 is utilise by the developer to throw number file as the two dimensional written to be familiariseed in the system. All animation that mystify in the system is created by this tool and include in the system as the two dimensional life- cartridge holderlike.DirectX SDKDirectX SDK is developed by Microsoft with the objective of allo wing the creation of application for a received software package, software framework, hardware plat form, computer system, television adoptr game console, direct system or any other exchangeable curriculum which supports DirectX. DirectX SDK comes in a set of development tools which contains of all the DirectX software call for for a game developer to create DirectX base application utilize the optical Basic.Net, C or C++, and C+ coding wording which was developed by Microsoft.The motive why DirectX SDK is so powerful was mainly because it was fall upon up from many in matched system tools which some of the main components includesDirectX headers and librariesDirectX system runtime componentsDirectX act computer computer programing Interfaces DocumentationsAdditional application and source code developed use DirectX pliableVarious powerful tools and utilities integrated to the DirectX SDKThis development tool allows me to take a complete vantage of DirectX technol ogies for creating keen games and b compensate applications. DirectX SDK allows developers to utilize its latest applied science in hardware innovation for developing powerful games. DirectX SDK depart receive update in its sport releases to persist up with the latest engineering enhanced within the DirectX software this is obligatory to boost the codes, tools, library files and the authentication for every Microsoft computer program SDK.Microsoft DirectX SDK comes with an distinguished birth which is the D3DX library acts like a toolkit which provides developers with eminent level operableity to help create DirectX applications. This feature helps to optimize low level routines so as to obtain the best capital punishment out of Microsoft platform. Incorporated with radical features much(prenominal)(prenominal) as math calculation and cereal loading routines, updated engineering in art manipulating nitty-gritty including tangent frame generation, mesh optimization and Precomputed Radiance Transfer.DirectX SDK come with many other features such as D3DX effectuate framework, High direct Shading spoken communications, Shader Debugger, PIX for window Platform. These technologies will help developer in all counseling developing their game system checkly. DirectX SDK will be able to integrate with Microsoft visual Studio .Net to enable developers to code their system apply it. Pipelining feature will be enabled with the desegregation of DirectX SDK towards Microsoft optical Studio .Net, these enable developers to code for pipelining structure for their game application. Certain samples will be include within DirectX SDK to help developers to derive the technologies used in DirectX.In other words DirectX SDK will help developers by providing technical solution, best capable in writing(p) provideing outcome, bright localization, code giveation, library files, better and elemental developing do it, and withal how to render and produc e approximately from interactive sound recording recording frequency. Microsoft DirectX SDK comes with all the features and tools needed for the intense rendering, audio rendering, and visualization for game developers to make use of in high society to create powerful DirectX based applications either for a simple game or a complicated game development.Microsoft .NET modelMicrosoft .Net modeling is a platform or so what people called a development environment to seamlessly create applications that accessible through developers computer from all crosswise the world. It is an application espouse to comply with open standards such as eXtensible Markup Languages, Hypertext Transfer Protocol, and simplistic Object Access Protocol in order to interact with applications that are available in other platform..Net framework is platform independent and lyric independent system which allows the developer to use several(predicate) programming speech communications such as VB.Net, C , Jscript, VBscript, C and C++ to run applications on diametrical platform such as Unix, mack, Linux, and Window. .Net Framework enables developer to use various libraries to help in developing and application alacritous, easier and cheaper. As for now, .Net Framework is place to be able to support over 20 dissimilar programming languages.There is a causal agent for why .Net Framework is construct to support multiple different types of programming languages is explained by the plan of communal Language Runtime engine. CLR engine compiles the code into Microsoft Intermediate Language. The MSIL is a set of operating instructions used to translate the codes into homegrown codes making .Net Framework capable of language and platform independent. CLR is in like manner prudent for run time services such as language integration, bail enforcement, memory process and thread management. In addition, .Net Framework provides wide alkali to create web applications and non web appl ications. As for the time being, Microsoft has claimed .Net Framework comes in two different categories which is CLR and .Net Framework relegate library.Common Language Runtime is responsible to provide common runtime services to all .Net based applications. As for more CLR gelds the developers time to code for an application by utilizing its feature like life cycle management, strong type naming, cross language exception handling, and energising binding designed to submit application development software into useful components.As for .Net Framework class library, it appears that this system consists of predefined sets of functionality that developer advise freely utilize to enhance their application. The class library consists of trinity major components which areASP.NETWindows micturateADO.NETWell for this game application project, I will be utilise CLR and also .Net Framework class library as VB.NET and Window function will be use for my game application as the two se veralise component.Microsoft ocular Studio 2008Microsoft visual Studio 2008 was released in 19 November 2007 replacing the older variate of optic Studio with the spick-and-spaner enhanced version of Visual Studio. Visual Studio 2008 is focussed based on the development for Window Vista, Microsoft Office 2007 system and web applications. Visual Studio 2008 requires .NET Framework 3.5 to run properly and to process compiles assemblies. Visual Studio 2008 will let the ability to chooses and utilize different .NET framework version depending to the developers choice.Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 delivers on Microsofts vision of smart leaf node applications by enabling developers to promptly create rude(a) applications without ignoring the lumber of the application with accounted rich user experiences. Visual Studio 2008 comes with the ability for the developer to capture and try information to help make rough-and-ready decisions. Packed with the ability for developer to curso rily create secured, manageable, and reliable applications is the strongest avail of victimisation Microsoft Visual Studio 2008.Visual Studio 2008 promised to be able to deliver key advances for developers in third primary pillars which are fast Application developingEffective team up collaborationBreakthrough user experiencesVisual Studio 2008 has received a many users feedback and most of them are identified to be positive. Based on the three pillars, users feedbacks are for the most part related to those of the three with different engineering science area. They are categorised into seven engineering science areasFocused on alacrity Client Application DevelopmentMicrosoft Office Applications IntegratedWindow Platform Applications IntegratedEnhanced productivity in Data Handling modify New Web Experiences amend Overall Developer ExperienceEnhanced Application Lifecycle ManagementIt is the most effective smart client development to puzzle with good application design. equal to integrate UI designers into development process by supporting most of the popular languages such as VB.NET, C++, C, Jscript, and many of others.The first reason that I find to use Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 in my system development are mainly because it has a very good system development tools which is capable of rapid application development and the easy to understand .NET code languages, which is the language I preferred the most among all other programming language.Microsoft XNA plot StudioMicrosoft XNA crippled Studio is a set of game development tools designed based on back up versions of Microsoft Visual Studio tools that allows developers to build up games supported by Window platform, Microsoft XBOX 360 game console, and Microsoft Zune. XNA Game Studio will require both Microsoft DirectX SDK and Microsoft .Net Framework to run correctly when integrated into Microsoft Visual Studio 2008. This tool comes including the XNA Framework which acts as same as Microsof t .Net Framework. The XNA Framework will integrate XNA library files onto Visual Studio 2008 to enable XNA computer lifelike and audio coding to get executed.XNA Game Studio is seamlessly integrated with supported version of Microsoft Visual Studio tools, this integration will enable developers to use untried coding structure to develop two and three dimensional games intimately repayable to new library files added to the Visual Studio base library, developers will have a new experience in learning new codes which only works with the XNA Game Studio integration.XNA Game Studio provides three main features which areGame component modelsNew framework library designed to support Microsoft Windows, XBOX 360, and Zune game developmentIntegration with XNA Framework marrow Pipeline.Microsoft XNA Game Studio has live popular since it has been launched years ago, the reason why more and more people are utilizing it is because if new engineering science in game development breakthrou gh, the rapid application development, and the game character reference produced.adobe brick Photoshop C3adobe brick Photoshop is simply an in advance(p) computer lifelike editing program designed and published by adobe Systems. adobe brick Photoshop managed to rise up as the in writing(p) development software after years of competing in the market. Now, Adobe Photoshop is sum uped to be the top in its market leader for commercial bitmap and mental vista manipulation software. Furthermore, Adobe Photoshop is go to sleepn to be the flagship product in its company and the main development focus of the company.Adobe Photoshop is developed to be a software targeting the computer written professional industry, its name has been around the in writing(p) development tool industry for years. For so it gained the fame and popularity through time. Adobe Photoshop is con lieur to be the best, rated as a killer application for both mack and Window OS.Adobe Photoshop were innate(p) out from its first generation program named ImagePro in 1987. Developed by the Knoll Brothers, Thomas Knoll and commode Knoll. The first published Photoshop program managed to sold at 200 copies which is considered a good outcome. And soon, in the pursuit year, after the Adobe is established, the Knoll brothers purchases Adobe Photoshop distribution license to begin distributing Adobe Photoshop worldwide.The reason Adobe Photoshop is used in the project development were mainly to develop ensure files which serves the bearing as two dimensional pictural rendered to the system. Image files are designed and edited in the Photoshop so that it could be added later to the system as the active two dimensional written.Chapter 3 Research on the engineering science related to 2D games and game systems programmingTwo dimensional lifelikeTwo dimensional games know as 2D computer graphic games are a computer based graphic numbers. These doublings are made up from 2D digital moving p ictures, 2D texts, and 2D geometric models. Images terminate vary from see compositions, pel arts, digital arts, photographs, and texts. 2D art are frequently used most in the graphic industry because of its amenities and simple rendering. Nowadays almost all of the websites incorporates 2D graphic content into its webpage, those graphic content face cloththorn vary from a tiny graphic pattern file to a fully functional 2D games. and whence 2D graphic plays an important part in the information technology field.Two dimensional graphic have certain advantages which makes it to be premium when compared with three dimensional graphic. The three main differences which makes 2D graphic to be prize are adequate to render truehearteder than 3D graphicThis point makes developers to choose 2D graphic for low bandwidth consumption. And also why means rendering it also means that 2D graphic is produced faster when compared with 3D development. therefore 2D graphic rotter be develop ed with rapid application development tools.Creating simple games such as puzzle, card, and plank games where high degree of pragmatism is not required.2D games are categorized as a simple graphic structure which tummy be easily developed, then it does not require the art to be actually realistic. Games that is developed using 2D technology will be simple looking, not too tortuous, and depends a lot on the graphic colouriseing. back up by all of the operating system2D graphic technology is used heavily on the appearance of an operating system to addition system load efficiency. Thus OS such as Window, Mac and Linux implements lots of 2D graphic objects which increases the loading belt along and reduces CPU workload in rendering OS vivid interface.Two dimensional graphic started back during 1950s using sender graphic devices. Soon luxuriant raster based graphic technology was introduced and manage to take over the enjoyment of sender graphic.transmitter graphicstrans mitter graphics uses mathematical relationships amongst points and the paths connecting them to shape the cooking stove. Vector graphic emphasizes much more on the spirit of the externalize compared with the raster graphic. Thus raster graphic are usually used to fit photographic stick outs because of the quality it throw. Vector graphic are made from muted quality ikons which do not suffers from passing of render quality even after resized. This is the main key point why people prefers vector over raster graphics.The Figure 3.1.1.1 above shows the differences of the vector and raster graphic when the learn is viewinged in overstated condition. The left side of the count on is delineate with vector graphic, the magnified image is exposeed which total quality of the source image, produced with full quality of smoothness. Where else raster graphic, is patch uped at the right side with a bitmap image, which suffers great loss of picture quality due to the source image is produced with represents of pixels.In other word when judging an image quality, vector based graphic image wins fair. Vector graphics possess four main key advantages that makes it superior graphic which isComplete ScalabilityA vector graphic image allows picture resizing without suffering any quality loss. This applies to any size of picture whether it is at a size of a poster or business card. This is the key advantage of vector graphic.Compatibility for both web and printDue to the image quality is always high, for this reason vector images are always compatible with printing specification and also web images. Unlike raster bitmaps which has a limited graphic village stripped-down of 300 dpi to be able to intro the image in the study and also in webpage.Completely editable using imaginativeness toolsVector graphics is completely editable using both vector and raster graphic editing tools such as Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Illustrator. Images brush off be resized, skewed , rotated, reshaped, features with other vector model, and other functions that is supported by both vector graphic and the imaging tools.Supporting Background TransparencyVector graphics will support all types of background, with any annotate or pattern, either it is with another raster graphic or vector.Vector graphics when displayed in computer display will produce results of grids of small rectangular cells called pixels, vector graphics are peaceful of tiny pixel dots far littler than raster graphics.Raster GraphicsRaster Graphics is a type of graphic in which the image of it is separated into matrix of picture elements which is known as pixels. An image with the present of pixels in the image file is made up by rows and columns of pixels lines up forming an image in the picture. to each one of the pixels will be assigned with different or same color which serves the project of creating color depth of an image, this is a great deal referred as number of bits needed to enc ode all the colors. Raster graphics are usually coded in veritable(prenominal) bits depth with are used today inBlack and white ( Two colorations ) 1 micro chipColor shades of remote ( Four colour in ) 2 endorsement16 Colors 4 tour256 Colors 8 bout65, 536 Colors ( 65K High Colors ) 16 Biton-key Color 24 BitTrue Color ( Improved ) 32 BitIn a raster graphic image, the numbers of row and column determines the image resolution, in other words the more pixels presented in an image the higher(prenominal) the resolution. Image resolutions are calculated using total pixels present in the first row multiply by total pixel present in the first column. If the image is presented in certain physical size, then the size will combine with the number of pixels resulting with number of Dot Per butt against (DPI) in the image. DPI is a mensuration of an images resolution. A high resolution image will present in higher DPI with smaller dot, this makes it harder to be pipty as ind ividual spot in the image.Raster Graphic is much more convenient when compared to vector graphic. They are resolution independent, thus it happens that raster graphic layabout be used to represent a photo realistic images in a short amount of time. scarcely because of certain limitation in raster graphic, it makes the quality of the image to be vary from different source of quality. Pixels pitch to get arranged in a regular pattern, resulting weird establishment pattern displayed in the cin one casealing of a computer monitor. Rather if the pixels are assigned with wrong color, the whole image might get displayed weirdly with all the color mixed. If a resolution is too low and the line of descent is too high, certain pixels will stand out leaving the image with jaggies.Figure 3.1.2.1 is a raster graphic image which shows clearly the pixel resolutions of the image. As the image shows the rectangular array of dots which is large enough to be identified using the eye of a human being, these rectangular are call pixels. The image is displayed by drawing the pixels consecutive in a fixed order either from the left to right or top to bottom. The image of a fish is made up using plain white and wild blue yonder color which is assigned to each of the pixel dots. Usually a raster image is made up from high resolution in which pixel dots are not visible from macrocosm eye sight. But the above image is a low resolution raster image, thus pixels are visible.Raster graphic are presented in digital file format usually in JPEG images, bitmap images, GIF images, TIFF images and PNG images. The usage of raster graphic has been popular since the rise of World all-encompassing Web in the internet. This is because raster graphic presents huge advantages when it is utilized within the web network. Advantages of raster graphic arewide used in personal computer in displaying images. around of computer operating system nowadays supports raster image display as the basic im age file distribution. Digital images are used widely in operating system as the main graphic image display. This is the strongest advantage of raster graphic.Web standard for image uploading, display, image file distribution and file download due to the small file size. Its one of the main reason raster image is widely distributed across web. contract image independent, able to display all resolution types of image file. discount be edited using image developing tools.Throughout all the advantages may be excellent in a point of view, but raster graphic image easily suffers from quality loss due to its pixel dot independent resolution. Most of the image file used to display raster graphic image have a limited color support which disadvantages in image color displayed in the monitor. Raster graphic images that are distributed across the network may be compressed to reduce its file size, this is a drawback as compressing the image file usually will reduce its image quality.Benefits f rom Two Dimensional Games schedule Over Three Dimensional GamesDevelopment CostThis point is obviously correct and without doubt, 2D games development is really cheaper when it is compared to 3D games development due to the difference of content creation. The bowel movement towards hi-definition graphic content has brought 3D games a breakthrough in the games technology, but at the same time the cost of development has also duplicate up because of using new developed engines which is expensive. Most 3D games development faces high development cost and they are still in researching of new game engines to cut down the development costs. Unlike 2D games engines, they are sold cheaper than most of the 3D game engines in the market. This point is based on the logical guess that 3D is a newer technology which need more resources for development and 2D is a traditional game technology which is developed even before existence of 3D, thus making it to be considered not as complex as 3D g ames development lifelike Processing Performance2D games development uses lower processing speed and power compared with 3D development. In the old days where personal computers are still not as advance as nowadays, it is impossible to light development in either 3D or 2D games development. But considering the advance of technologies nowadays which makes most of those not too complex games development of 2D and 3D graphic possible. In the old days personal computer lacks of the processing speed and memory capacity to run the system process. The reason why 2D games requires less graphical processing performance is because 2D games uses less graphical animation which would requires heavy framerate processing with fast processing speed.Shaders capabilities in 2D graphicsAll thanks to the shaders technology used in the 3D technology, 2D graphics can now implement of shaders. 2D graphics can be enriched with a soft look to the entire scene, extremum effect, glowing effects and graphic effects. Shaders enable 2D graphic animation to improve its quality and technology. Although shaders brings lots of new effects to the 2D graphic, but its still in experimental be where its relatively unexplored concept that has a lot of potential.Real time audio synthesis2D games once uses midi and redbook audio for its audio sound effects, its the only available audio technology that is supported by the 2D graphic games. But that was during the old days. With the help of VST instruments, real time synthesis of audio can be implemented towards 2D game development. Music in games can expand beyond playback into performing high-power arrangements and dynamic synthesis. The game can be implemented with audio medication that is suitable with the nature of the game type accordingly. With the advanced processing power, a complete real time audio track can be implemented using VST effects in the form of compressors, equalizers and mixing tables. With this technology, 2D game nowadays c ould experience rich enhancement to bring new breakthrough.2D Multiplayer Online Games in spite of 2D multiplayer games are being made in application program, there are publishers that release 2D online games which has gained quite the fame among online users. Despite the simple concept of 2D programming, new technologies enable the developers to actually implement 2D online games into website. Incorporating both the 2D engine and game program right off into web browsers nowadays. This is a very convenient and brilliant way into merchandising 2D games online as no setups and download are required. This new technology has helps 2D games to be once again gain popularity in the world.Programming LanguageProgramming language is the all time famous programming instructions which are created by developers since late 40s until today which is to serve the purpose to create applications. The so call programming language is actually a set of languages which composed of words, symbols, and nu mbers which is made up to be algorithms that each type of language differs. In other words Programming Language is actually a set of instructions that constructs the logic of the system, instructs every activeness of the system and performs of functions. As human language are too arduous for a computer to understand, thus commands of programming language are used to replace human language so computers will understand the way it was designed for the same purpose.In game development, programming process is inevitable, the functional process in the system is fully dependent to the programming code which is written in its way. The way game system reacts will turn out running according to the programming code structure in which the programmer designed it to be.So far in the game development coding technology, only certain programming languages are capable in developing 2D and 3D game system. And most of the pDevelopment Using XNA Game StudioDevelopment Using XNA Game StudioChapter 1 Pre faceOver the past few years where two dimensional and three dimensional graphic has been utilized consecutively for developing computer games and console games. Two dimensional graphic games have been very popular since the beginning of 1940s and thats where it all started at the first place. It started with 2D games at first which is developed for the use of arcade mainframes and console machines, followed by the development of computer games for mainframe computers. Through the innovation development of dimensional graphic games, 3 dimensional games were to emerge as the most popular game genre which started in the late 80s. But despise all the development of 3D games in the games software industries, 2D games are still being developed in the new market. This is because 2D games are still being preferred by many people in the world, and due to this point, games software vendors are still taking account of 2D games development.In the past few years, starting from the year 2000, 2D games starts to become widely know and played by many users with the development of mobile games and internet web based games. There have been rapid development of 2D technology to create new application games for the growing internet network, more and more website incorporate web based 2D mini games, online games and puzzle games.Its been proven that 2D games are getting more and more popular compared to the years before year 2000, and with more websites trying to incorporate 2D games towards their web as the 3rd party application. Such website is like the ever popular facebook.com incorporating hundreds and even thousands of 2D games as the 3rd party game application to attract more and more people towards joining the social web network.Few years back, Microsoft introduced the XNA Game Studio software distributed across the internet to enable software programmers to develop new games for windows platform and also the new XBOX 360. The XNA game studio is licensed software, but with the MSDN help, the author as a student get to have the chance to obtain a tryout of this Microsoft XNA game studio. According to Microsoft, XNA game studio will need to be incorporated with Microsoft Visual Studio to enable references to be added in the system coding.If we were to look back few years before, developing a game even for a two dimensional game would took probably months and even years, a simple personal computer would not even be sufficient to run the system codes, execute the game, and debug the system. And even with the availability of the development tools, it would surely require serious experts to come out with a game system coding, due to the complicated level of programming language available during the urban times. In other words there are almost none development tools available to reach in the hands of the student, or internet users to develop their own games by themselves. And by looking at the games development now, and comparing them, it is a breakthrough for the games development.As I foresees the development potential for two dimensional games, I am sure that two dimensional game will have plenty of development potential in the future, as its been proven development of two dimensional games did not stop although three dimensional games been around for quite a long time, it didnt manage to replace the two dimensional games market its technology. There are quite a few reasons why two dimensional games are still around developing, which mainly are because of its cheap development cost, simple development process, easy for users to understand and well played. Its one of the reasons why Microsoft, the top player in IT industry is still in for two dimensional games development and searching for the breakthrough for it by creating development tools to support the development of two dimensional games.Chapter 2 Development ToolsIntroductionThis chapter was designed to elaborate the use of each development tools which is related towards deve loping the XNA BubbleBall Attack 2D game. In order to produce this game system a set of software development tools need to be installed on the developers machine to enable full support to the game system.All identified developing tools which is related in the development process includes DirectX SDK (DirectX Software Development Kit) a set of application programming interfaces designed to handle tasks. It is a development tool containing all DirectX software required to build and produce cutting-edge, rich media interactive applications.Microsoft .NET Framework is required for its library reference of coding solutions to common problems and local machine to manage execution of code written programs specifically for the Microsoft framework.Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 is the development tool used to write for the game system coding. This application is used to build up the game system code, code debugging process, system appearance design, execution of game system, it is mainly the k ey development tool used in this project.Microsoft XNA Game Studio is utilized by me the system programmer to design the animation, sound, and the entire multimedia enhancement required for the game system. This tool is required to be included in this process to enable the coding languages to add references in its library files and to execute the library files in the Microsoft Visual Studio 2008. Without this tool, the coding language will never be executed because failure in retrieving the coding files from the library files.Adobe Photoshop C3 is used by the developer to create image file as the two dimensional graphic to be presented in the system. All animation that present in the system is created by this tool and included in the system as the two dimensional graphic.DirectX SDKDirectX SDK is developed by Microsoft with the objective of allowing the creation of application for a certain software package, software framework, hardware plat form, computer system, video game console , operating system or any other similar platform which supports DirectX. DirectX SDK comes in a set of development tools which contains of all the DirectX software needed for a game developer to create DirectX based application using the Visual Basic.Net, C or C++, and C+ coding language which was developed by Microsoft.The reason why DirectX SDK is so powerful was mainly because it was made up from many different system tools which some of the main components includesDirectX headers and librariesDirectX system runtime componentsDirectX Application Programming Interfaces DocumentationsAdditional application and source code developed using DirectX compliantVarious powerful tools and utilities integrated to the DirectX SDKThis development tool allows me to take a complete advantage of DirectX technologies for creating excellent games and graphic applications. DirectX SDK allows developers to utilize its latest technology in hardware innovation for developing powerful games. DirectX SD K will receive update in its version releases to keep up with the latest technology enhanced within the DirectX software this is necessary to boost the codes, tools, library files and the documentation for every Microsoft Platform SDK.Microsoft DirectX SDK comes with an important feature which is the D3DX library acts like a toolkit which provides developers with high level functionality to help create DirectX applications. This feature helps to optimize low level routines so as to obtain the best performance out of Microsoft platform. Incorporated with basic features such as math calculation and texture loading routines, updated technology in art manipulating content including tangent frame generation, mesh optimization and Precomputed Radiance Transfer.DirectX SDK come with many other features such as D3DX effects framework, High Level Shading Languages, Shader Debugger, PIX for Window Platform. These technologies will help developer in all way developing their game system accordi ngly. DirectX SDK will be able to integrate with Microsoft Visual Studio .Net to enable developers to code their system using it. Pipelining feature will be enabled with the integration of DirectX SDK towards Microsoft Visual Studio .Net, these enable developers to code for pipelining structure for their game application. Certain samples will be included within DirectX SDK to help developers to understand the technologies used in DirectX.In other words DirectX SDK will help developers by providing technical solution, best suitable graphic rendering outcome, graphic localization, code implementation, library files, better and simple developing experience, and also how to render and produce most from interactive audio. Microsoft DirectX SDK comes with all the features and tools needed for the graphic rendering, audio rendering, and visualization for game developers to make use of in order to create powerful DirectX based applications either for a simple game or a complicated game deve lopment.Microsoft .NET FrameworkMicrosoft .Net Framework is a platform or so what people called a development environment to seamlessly create applications that accessible through developers computer from all across the world. It is an application adopted to comply with open standards such as eXtensible Markup Languages, Hypertext Transfer Protocol, and Simple Object Access Protocol in order to interact with applications that are available in other platform..Net Framework is platform independent and language independent system which allows the developer to use different programming languages such as VB.Net, C, Jscript, VBscript, C and C++ to run applications on different platform such as Unix, Mac, Linux, and Window. .Net Framework enables developer to use various libraries to help in developing and application faster, easier and cheaper. As for now, .Net Framework is identified to be able to support over 20 different programming languages.There is a reason for why .Net Framework is built to support multiple different types of programming languages is explained by the concept of Common Language Runtime engine. CLR engine compiles the code into Microsoft Intermediate Language. The MSIL is a set of instructions used to translate the codes into native codes making .Net Framework capable of language and platform independent. CLR is also responsible for run time services such as language integration, security enforcement, memory process and thread management. In addition, .Net Framework provides wide infrastructure to create web applications and non web applications. As for the time being, Microsoft has claimed .Net Framework comes in two different categories which is CLR and .Net Framework class library.Common Language Runtime is responsible to provide common runtime services to all .Net based applications. As for more CLR reduces the developers time to code for an application by utilizing its feature like life cycle management, strong type naming, cross language exception handling, and dynamic binding designed to turn application development software into reusable components.As for .Net Framework class library, it appears that this system consists of predefined sets of functionality that developer can freely utilize to enhance their application. The class library consists of three major components which areASP.NETWindows FormADO.NETWell for this game application project, I will be using CLR and also .Net Framework class library as VB.NET and Window Form will be use for my game application as the two key component.Microsoft Visual Studio 2008Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 was released in 19 November 2007 replacing the older version of Visual Studio with the newer enhanced version of Visual Studio. Visual Studio 2008 is focused based on the development for Window Vista, Microsoft Office 2007 system and web applications. Visual Studio 2008 requires .NET Framework 3.5 to run properly and to process compiles assemblies. Visual Studio 2008 will pos sess the ability to chooses and utilize different .NET framework version depending to the developers choice.Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 delivers on Microsofts vision of smart client applications by enabling developers to rapidly create new applications without ignoring the quality of the application with accounted rich user experiences. Visual Studio 2008 comes with the ability for the developer to capture and analyze information to help make effective decisions. Packed with the ability for developer to rapidly create secured, manageable, and reliable applications is the strongest advantage of using Microsoft Visual Studio 2008.Visual Studio 2008 promised to be able to deliver key advances for developers in three primary pillars which areRapid Application DevelopmentEffective team collaborationBreakthrough user experiencesVisual Studio 2008 has received a many users feedback and most of them are identified to be positive. Based on the three pillars, users feedbacks are mostly relat ed to those of the three with different technology area. They are categorized into seven technology areasFocused on Smart Client Application DevelopmentMicrosoft Office Applications IntegratedWindow Platform Applications IntegratedEnhanced Productivity in Data HandlingEnabling New Web ExperiencesImproved Overall Developer ExperienceEnhanced Application Lifecycle ManagementIt is the most effective smart client development to begin with good application design. Able to integrate UI designers into development process by supporting most of the popular languages such as VB.NET, C++, C, Jscript, and many of others.The first reason that I find to use Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 in my system development are mainly because it has a very good system development tools which is capable of rapid application development and the easy to understand .NET code languages, which is the language I preferred the most among all other programming language.Microsoft XNA Game StudioMicrosoft XNA Game Studio is a set of game development tools designed based on supported versions of Microsoft Visual Studio tools that allows developers to build up games supported by Window platform, Microsoft XBOX 360 game console, and Microsoft Zune. XNA Game Studio will require both Microsoft DirectX SDK and Microsoft .Net Framework to run correctly when integrated into Microsoft Visual Studio 2008. This tool comes including the XNA Framework which acts as same as Microsoft .Net Framework. The XNA Framework will integrate XNA library files onto Visual Studio 2008 to enable XNA graphic and audio coding to get executed.XNA Game Studio is seamlessly integrated with supported version of Microsoft Visual Studio tools, this integration will enable developers to use new coding structure to develop two and three dimensional games easily due to new library files added to the Visual Studio base library, developers will have a new experience in learning new codes which only works with the XNA Game Studio integrat ion.XNA Game Studio provides three main features which areGame component modelsNew framework library designed to support Microsoft Windows, XBOX 360, and Zune game developmentIntegration with XNA Framework Content Pipeline.Microsoft XNA Game Studio has become popular since it has been launched years ago, the reason why more and more people are utilizing it is because if new technology in game development breakthrough, the rapid application development, and the game quality produced.Adobe Photoshop C3Adobe Photoshop is simply an advanced graphic editing program designed and published by Adobe Systems. Adobe Photoshop managed to rise up as the graphic development software after years of competing in the market. Now, Adobe Photoshop is considered to be the top in its market leader for commercial bitmap and image manipulation software. Furthermore, Adobe Photoshop is known to be the flagship product in its company and the main development focus of the company.Adobe Photoshop is develope d to be a software targeting the graphic professional industry, its name has been around the graphic development tool industry for years. For so it gained the fame and popularity through time. Adobe Photoshop is consider to be the best, rated as a killer application for both MAC and Window OS.Adobe Photoshop were born out from its first generation program named ImagePro in 1987. Developed by the Knoll Brothers, Thomas Knoll and John Knoll. The first published Photoshop program managed to sold at 200 copies which is considered a good outcome. And soon, in the following year, after the Adobe is established, the Knoll brothers purchases Adobe Photoshop distribution license to begin distributing Adobe Photoshop worldwide.The reason Adobe Photoshop is used in the project development were mainly to develop image files which serves the purpose as two dimensional graphic rendered to the system. Image files are designed and edited in the Photoshop so that it could be added later to the syste m as the active two dimensional graphic.Chapter 3 Research on the technology related to 2D games and game systems programmingTwo Dimensional GraphicTwo Dimensional games know as 2D computer graphic games are a computer based graphic images. These images are made up from 2D digital images, 2D texts, and 2D geometric models. Images can vary from image compositions, pixel arts, digital arts, photographs, and texts. 2D graphics are frequently used most in the graphic industry because of its conveniences and simple rendering. Nowadays almost all of the websites incorporates 2D graphic content into its webpage, those graphic content may vary from a tiny graphic image file to a fully functional 2D games. Therefore 2D graphic plays an important part in the information technology field.Two dimensional graphic have certain advantages which makes it to be superior when compared with three dimensional graphic. The three main differences which makes 2D graphic to be superior areAble to render fa ster than 3D graphicThis point makes developers to choose 2D graphic for low bandwidth consumption. And also why means rendering it also means that 2D graphic is produced faster when compared with 3D development. Thus 2D graphic can be developed with rapid application development tools.Creating simple games such as puzzle, card, and board games where high degree of realism is not required.2D games are categorized as a simple graphic structure which can be easily developed, thus it does not require the graphics to be truly realistic. Games that is developed using 2D technology will be simple looking, not too complex, and depends a lot on the graphic coloring.Supported by all of the operating system2D graphic technology is used heavily on the appearance of an operating system to increase system load efficiency. Thus OS such as Window, Mac and Linux implements lots of 2D graphic objects which increases the loading speed and reduces CPU workload in rendering OS graphical interface.Two d imensional graphic started back during 1950s using vector graphic devices. Soon enough raster based graphic technology was introduced and manage to take over the usage of vector graphic.Vector GraphicsVector graphics uses mathematical relationships between points and the paths connecting them to shape the image. Vector graphic emphasizes much more on the quality of the image compared with the raster graphic. Thus raster graphic are usually used to represent photographic images because of the quality it possess. Vector graphic are made from smooth quality images which do not suffers from loss of image quality even after resized. This is the main key point why people prefers vector over raster graphics.The Figure 3.1.1.1 above shows the differences of the vector and raster graphic when the image is displayed in magnified condition. The left side of the picture is represented with vector graphic, the magnified image is displayed which total quality of the source image, produced with fu ll quality of smoothness. Where else raster graphic, is represented at the right side with a bitmap image, which suffers great loss of picture quality due to the source image is produced with arrays of pixels.In other word when judging an image quality, vector based graphic image wins fair. Vector graphics possess four main key advantages that makes it superior graphic which isComplete ScalabilityA vector graphic image allows picture resizing without suffering any quality loss. This applies to any size of picture whether it is at a size of a poster or business card. This is the key advantage of vector graphic.Compatibility for both web and printDue to the image quality is always high, for this reason vector images are always compatible with printing specification and also web images. Unlike raster bitmaps which has a limited graphic resolution minimum of 300 dpi to be able to display the image in the paper and also in webpage.Completely editable using imaging toolsVector graphics is completely editable using both vector and raster graphic editing tools such as Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Illustrator. Images can be resized, skewed, rotated, reshaped, combines with other vector model, and other functions that is supported by both vector graphic and the imaging tools.Supporting Background TransparencyVector graphics will support all types of background, with any color or pattern, either it is with another raster graphic or vector.Vector graphics when displayed in computer display will produce results of grids of small rectangular cells called pixels, vector graphics are composed of tiny pixel dots far smaller than raster graphics.Raster GraphicsRaster Graphics is a type of graphic in which the image of it is separated into matrix of picture elements which is known as pixels. An image with the present of pixels in the image file is made up by rows and columns of pixels lines up forming an image in the picture. Each of the pixels will be assigned with different or sa me color which serves the purpose of creating color depth of an image, this is often referred as number of bits needed to encode all the colors. Raster graphics are usually coded in typical bits depth with are used nowadays inBlack and white ( Two Colors ) 1 BitColor shades of gray ( Four Colors ) 2 Bit16 Colors 4 Bit256 Colors 8 Bit65, 536 Colors ( 65K High Colors ) 16 BitTrue Color 24 BitTrue Color ( Improved ) 32 BitIn a raster graphic image, the numbers of row and column determines the image resolution, in other words the more pixels presented in an image the higher the resolution. Image resolutions are calculated using total pixels present in the first row multiplied by total pixel present in the first column. If the image is presented in certain physical size, then the size will combine with the number of pixels resulting with number of Dot Per Inch (DPI) in the image. DPI is a measurement of an images resolution. A high resolution image will present in higher DPI with smaller dot, this makes it harder to be spotted as individual spot in the image.Raster Graphic is much more convenient when compared to vector graphic. They are resolution independent, thus it happens that raster graphic can be used to represent a photo realistic images in a short amount of time. But because of certain limitation in raster graphic, it makes the quality of the image to be vary from different source of quality. Pixels tend to get arranged in a regular pattern, resulting weird shaping pattern displayed in the screen of a computer monitor. Rather if the pixels are assigned with wrong color, the whole image might get displayed weirdly with all the color mixed. If a resolution is too low and the contrast is too high, certain pixels will stand out leaving the image with jaggies.Figure 3.1.2.1 is a raster graphic image which shows clearly the pixel resolutions of the image. As the image shows the rectangular array of dots which is large enough to be identified using the eye of a human, these rectangular are call pixels. The image is displayed by drawing the pixels sequentially in a fixed order either from the left to right or top to bottom. The image of a fish is made up using plain white and blue color which is assigned to each of the pixel dots. Usually a raster image is made up from high resolution in which pixel dots are not visible from humans eye sight. But the above image is a low resolution raster image, thus pixels are visible.Raster graphic are presented in digital file format usually in JPEG images, Bitmap images, GIF images, TIFF images and PNG images. The usage of raster graphic has been popular since the rise of World Wide Web in the internet. This is because raster graphic presents huge advantages when it is utilized within the web network. Advantages of raster graphic areWidely used in personal computer in displaying images.Most of computer operating system nowadays supports raster image display as the basic image file distribution. Di gital images are used widely in operating system as the main graphic image display. This is the strongest advantage of raster graphic.Web standard for image uploading, display, image file distribution and file download due to the small file size. Its one of the main reason raster image is widely distributed across web.Resolution image independent, able to display all resolution types of image file.Can be edited using image developing tools.Throughout all the advantages may be excellent in a point of view, but raster graphic image easily suffers from quality loss due to its pixel dot independent resolution. Most of the image file used to display raster graphic image have a limited color support which disadvantages in image color displayed in the monitor. Raster graphic images that are distributed across the network may be compressed to reduce its file size, this is a drawback as compressing the image file usually will reduce its image quality.Benefits from Two Dimensional Games Progr amming Over Three Dimensional GamesDevelopment CostThis point is obviously correct and without doubt, 2D games development is really cheaper when it is compared to 3D games development due to the difference of content creation. The move towards hi-definition graphic content has brought 3D games a breakthrough in the games technology, but at the same time the cost of development has also double up because of using new developed engines which is expensive. Most 3D games development faces high development cost and they are still in researching of new game engines to cut down the development costs. Unlike 2D games engines, they are sold cheaper than most of the 3D game engines in the market. This point is based on the logical assumption that 3D is a newer technology which need more resources for development and 2D is a traditional game technology which is developed even before existence of 3D, thus making it to be considered not as complex as 3D games developmentGraphical Processing Per formance2D games development uses lower processing speed and power compared with 3D development. In the old days where personal computers are still not as advance as nowadays, it is impossible to commence development in either 3D or 2D games development. But considering the advance of technologies nowadays which makes most of those not too complex games development of 2D and 3D graphic possible. In the old days personal computer lacks of the processing speed and memory capacity to run the system process. The reason why 2D games requires less graphical processing performance is because 2D games uses less graphical animation which would requires heavy framerate processing with fast processing speed.Shaders capabilities in 2D graphicsAll thanks to the shaders technology used in the 3D technology, 2D graphics can now implement of shaders. 2D graphics can be enriched with a soft look to the entire scene, bloom effect, glowing effects and graphic effects. Shaders enable 2D graphic animati on to improve its quality and technology. Although shaders brings lots of new effects to the 2D graphic, but its still in experimental stage where its relatively unexplored concept that has a lot of potential.Real time audio synthesis2D games once uses midi and redbook audio for its audio sound effects, its the only available audio technology that is supported by the 2D graphic games. But that was during the old days. With the help of VST instruments, real time synthesis of audio can be implemented towards 2D game development. Music in games can expand beyond playback into performing dynamic arrangements and dynamic synthesis. The game can be implemented with audio music that is suitable with the nature of the game type accordingly. With the advanced processing power, a complete real time audio track can be implemented using VST effects in the form of compressors, equalizers and mixing tables. With this technology, 2D game nowadays could experience rich enhancement to bring new brea kthrough.2D Multiplayer Online GamesDespite 2D multiplayer games are being made in application program, there are publishers that release 2D online games which has gained quite the fame among online users. Despite the simple concept of 2D programming, new technologies enable the developers to actually implement 2D online games into website. Incorporating both the 2D engine and game program directly into web browsers nowadays. This is a very convenient and brilliant way into marketing 2D games online as no setups and download are required. This new technology has helps 2D games to be once again gain popularity in the world.Programming LanguageProgramming language is the all time famous programming instructions which are created by developers since late 40s until today which is to serve the purpose to create applications. The so call programming language is actually a set of languages which composed of words, symbols, and numbers which is made up to be algorithms that each type of lan guage differs. In other words Programming Language is actually a set of instructions that constructs the logic of the system, instructs every action of the system and performs of functions. As human language are too difficult for a computer to understand, thus commands of programming language are used to replace human language so computers will understand the way it was designed for the same purpose.In game development, programming process is inevitable, the functional process in the system is fully dependent to the programming code which is written in its way. The way game system reacts will turn out running according to the programming code structure in which the programmer designed it to be.So far in the game development coding technology, only certain programming languages are capable in developing 2D and 3D game system. And most of the p