Sociology: Notes on Social Dimensions of Crime

SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF CRIME 1. AGE 2. SEX 3. ETHNICITY 4. SOCIAL CLASS Since the recession of the 1980s, employment rates for adolescents increase yearly and have an impact on the diminishment of youth crime The younger you are, the more prone you are to be a victim of victimization The older you get, the more you are prone for property crimes and less for physical crimes SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF CRIME 1. AGE 2. SEX 3. ETHNICITY 4. SOCIAL CLASS MALES: Offenders are most likely to be male. They account for 80% of all criminal offences. 90% of all homicides, sexual assaults, and robbery crimes.And 78% of all property crimes (breaking & entering, theft). Since the 1960’s, we see an increase in female criminality. However, the specific crimes they engage in are different than the ones males engage in. (Credit card fraud, shoplifting) The feminization of poverty: we are seeing the high rise of poor, single mothers Men & Women have equal tendencies to be victimized by crimes†¦ the d ifference between the two is that they are more likely to be victimized by different crimes. They are not equally victimized to the same crimes. MEN: Assault, theftWOMEN: Sexual Assault SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF CRIME 1. AGE 2. SEX 3. ETHNICITY 4. SOCIAL CLASS Big over presentation of aboriginal peoples in federal & provincial prisons. In general, aboriginals only make up 3% of Canada’s population, but 16% of Canada’s inmates. Howard Sapers noted that aboriginal people are mistreated (receive harsher treatment) by workers, prison guards, psychologists, and are more likely to be denied parole. They are also more likely to be sent to maximum security prisons. SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF CRIME 1. AGE 2. SEX 3. ETHNICITY 4. SOCIAL CLASSToday’s social class, it doesn’t matter if youre rich or poor, all have equal tendencies to commit crimes. The difference is the type of crimes that the poor commit and the rich commit. Rich commit more sophisticated/organized crimes Poor commit more survival crimes (theft, If you make less than 15 thousand dollars a year, research shows that you’re more likely to be a target of a violent crime because youre probably living in the ghetto If you make more than 60 thousand dollars a year, research shows that youre more likely to get robbed, because you have more to rob.

Concept Comparison and Analysis

Concept Comparison and Analysis Jessica Watts NUR 513 July 2nd, 2012 Coleen Lucas Concept Comparison and Analysis Core concepts are the basis for a theory or model; concepts help in the development of theories. Theorists have developed different models or  theories but have common core concepts. This paper will identify the core concept of ‘the role of nursing,’ which two theorists, Dorothea Orem and Virginia Henderson both utilized. We will compare and  analyze the concept definitions among both theorists, and discuss the practical use of Orem’s self care theory. Core ConceptThe core concept of ‘The role of nursing’ was used in both Dorothea Orem’s self care model and in Virginia Henderson’s nursing care model. Dorothea Orem’s definition of nursing is â€Å"actions deliberately selected and performed by nurses to help individuals or groups under their care to maintain or change conditions in themselves or their environmentsà ¢â‚¬  (Current Nursing, 2010, para. 4). Virginia Henderson’s definition of nursing is â€Å"assisting individuals to gain independence in relation to the performance of activities contributing to health or its recovery† (Timetoast, 2011).Their theories in relation to the concept differ where Orem’s concept requires the patient to have a self deficit and in need of nursing care or support; while Henderson’s concept states that nursing is required regardless if the patient is sick or healthy. The concepts are also similar in the fact that they both support the patient is regaining optimal health. Their concepts are applicable in different nursing settings because the goals of each are the same. Orem’s Self Care Theory—MetaparadigmsWithin Orem’s self care theory, there are five metaparadigms: nursing, health, environment, human being, and nursing client. Orem views nursing as an art, a helping service, and a technology. Orem’s de finition of nursing is â€Å"actions deliberately selected and performed by nurses to help individuals or groups under their care to maintain or change conditions in themselves or their environments† (Current Nursing, 2010, para. 3). Orem encompasses the patient’s, the physician’s, and the nurse’s perspective of the patient’s health condition.Her goal of nursing is to make the patient and members of the patient’s family capable of meeting the patient’s self care needs, maintain an optimal state of health, to regain previous state of health after an illness or disease, and to decrease the effects of a chronic illness. Orem uses the terms ‘health’ and ‘healthy’ to describe living things ; â€Å"it is when they are structurally and functionally whole or sound, in conjunction, with physiological and psycho-physiological mechanisms and a material structure in relation to and interacting with other human beingsâ⠂¬  (Current Nursing, 2010, para. ). Orem’s environment is the elements, conditions, and components within the environment. According to Orem a human being â€Å"has the capacity to reflect, symbolize and use symbols; a unity that can function biologically, symbolically, and socially† (Current Nursing, 2010, para. 5). A nursing client is a human being who has health related or derived issues that cause them to be incapable of continuous and complete self care; they are the focus, only when their self care needs exceed their self care capabilities. Theory of Self CareOrem’s definition of self care is the â€Å"practice of activities that the individual initiates and performs on their own behalf to maintain life, health, and well being† (Current Nursing, 2010, para. 12). The human ability to engage in self care is determined by age, developmental state, life experience, social and cultural orientation, health, and available resources. Orem describes three self care requisites; universal self care requisites, developmental self care requisites, and health deviation of self care; all are directed towards the provision of self care.Universal self care requisites are the maintenance, provision, balance, prevention, and promotion of human functioning. â€Å"Developmental self care requisites are associated with developmental processes derived from a condition or associated with an event† (Current Nursing, 2010, para. 14), for example adjusting to a new job or adjusting to bodily changes, such as menopause. Health deviation self care is required in conditions of illness, disease, or injury. Health deviation is seeking, securing, modifying, learning, and effectively carrying out medically prescribed measures. Theory of Self Care DeficitOrem’s theory of self care deficit specifies when nursing is needed. â€Å"Nursing is required when an adult (or in the case of a dependent, the parent) is incapable or limited in the provision of continuous effective self care† (Current Nursing, 2010, para. 16). Orem’s created five methods of helping; which are acting for and doing for others, guiding others, supporting one another, providing an environment that promotes personal development, and teaching one another. Theory of Nursing Systems Orem describes how the patients self care needs will be meet by the nurse, patient, or both in her theory of nursing systems. The design and elements of a nursing system defines the scope of nursing responsibility in health care situations, defines general and specific roles of nurses and patients, and defines reasons for nurses’ relationship with patients† (Current Nursing, 2010, para. 17). Orem recognized that members of the health profession usually develop specialized technologies. â€Å"A technology is systematized information about a process or a method for affecting some desired result through deliberate practical endeavors, with or without use of materials or instruments† (Current Nursing, 2010, para. 17).Concept of Orem’s Theory Orem interrelates concepts in such a way, that it creates a different perspective of a particular phenomenon. Orem’s theory is logical, simple, and generalizable; and is a basis to test hypotheses. â€Å"It contributes to and assists in increasing the general body of knowledge within the discipline through the research implemented to validate them† (Current Nursing, 2010, para. 21). According to Orem, her theory in Current Nursing, 2010, can be used by practitioners to guide and improve their practice and it must be consistent with other validated theories, principles, and laws. MajorAssumptions, Strengths, and Limitations According to Current Nursing, 2010; some major assumptions of Orem’s theory are: people should be self-reliant and responsible for their own care and their family; people are distinct individuals; nursing is a form of action and interaction betwee n two or more people; successfully meeting universal and developmental self care requisites is an important component of primary care prevention; knowledge of potential health problems is necessary for promoting self care behaviors; and self care and dependent care are behaviors learned within a socio- cultural context.Some strengths to Orem’s theory, according to Current Nursing, 2010; are: it provides a comprehensive base to nursing practice; it has utility for professional nursing in the areas of nursing practice, education, administration, and research; specifies when nursing is needed; and Orem’s self care approach is contemporary with the concepts of health promotion and health maintenance today. As with any theory there are always limitations to its use; Orem’s theory’s major limitation is that her theory is illness oriented and only calls for nursing care when there is an illness present. Global health care needs, as identified by clinicians or pa tients/consumers, are addressed through the generation of research evidence that is effective, but also feasible, appropriate and meaningful to specific populations, cultures and settings† (The Joanna Briggs Institute, 2011). Concepts are the bases for a theory or model and aide the development of theories. The common concept discussed in this paper was the role of nursing, which is common and essential to Orem and Henderson’s theory.Orem believed that a patient needed to have a self deficit for nursing care while Henderson believed in nursing care whether the patient was healthy or ill. While each theorist had different definitions of the role of nursing, both had the same concept of nursing care. â€Å"Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings.Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled and dying people. Advocac y, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management, and education are also key nursing roles† (Definition of Nursing, 2010). Orem’s self care model demonstrated the role of nursing in caring for an individual with a self care deficit and/or illness. Nursing interventions help individuals regain optimal health and well-being.References Current Nursing. (2010). Dorothea Orem’s Theory. Retrieved from http://currentnursing. com/nursing_theory/self_care_deficit_theory. html Definition of Nursing. (2010). Retrieved from http://www. icn. ch/about-icn/icn-definition-of-nursing/ Timetoast. (2011). Breif history of Nursing. Retrieved from http://www. timetoast. com/timelines/22792 The Joanna Briggs Institute . (2011). Retrieved from http://www. joannabriggs. edu. au/JBI%20Approach

Presentation of Critical Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Presentation of Critical Assignment - Essay Example Introduction One of the recently criticized actions of United States is its attack on Abbottabad, Pakistan, which led to the killing of Osama bin Laden. On the one hand, detractors argued that the move broke the trust between two nations, U.S. and Pakistan, as well as the confidence of the Muslim people in nongovernmental aid (Rauhala, 2011, par.2). On the other hand, supporters asserted that the U.S. cannot be blamed for the weak health infrastructure of Pakistan, and that the mission promoted national interest (Nature, 2011, par.5). The significance of this event to Terrorism and Homeland Security will be explored further. In addition, principles and theories will be applied to understand its process and consequences on different citizens and future U.S. plans. The fake vaccination drive portrays the hardships of collecting intelligence information, through responding to religion and community needs aspects of terrorism, but denial and deception embody critical concepts in ensuring homeland security. Summary of the Fake Vaccination Drive The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) plotted to attack Bin Laden’s compound, and confirmed its whereabouts through launching a phony vaccination drive (Shah, 2011). Shah (2011) reported in The Guardian on July 11, 2011 that the move allowed the U.S. to verify Bin Laden’s location by collecting his family’s DNA. The DNA from any of the Bin Laden children in the compound could be matched with a sample from Bin Laden’s sister, who died in Boston in 2010 (Shah, 2011, par.6). Shah (2011) revealed that the CIA recruited the help of Doctor Shakil Afridi, a high-level medical professional, to carry out a regional vaccination program, so that they could validate if Osama bin Laden was hiding in Abbottabad (Shah, 2011, par.7). The ploy is successful because by April, nurses gained access to the compound by giving free hepatitis B vaccine (Shah, 2011, par.13). Soon, the U.S. deployed the Special Forces to at tack the compound and eliminate Bin Laden. Significance to Terrorism and Homeland Security Religion The event is significant to Terrorism and Homeland Security because it showed the tactics needed to infiltrate terrorists with religious interests. In the history of terrorism, religion has been the central or periphery causes of organized terrorists (Purpura, 2007, p.11). For Al Qaeda, they see themselves as fighting a Holy War and use religious language to provide legitimacy to their interests (Purpura, 2007, p.11). Religion is a critical concept in understanding and defeating Al Qaeda, although it is not the only aspect of its organizational interests (Purpura, 2007, p.11). They have a political agenda that consisted of forcing the U.S. to withdraw its presence in the Middle East, ousting regimes that support the U.S., and uniting Muslims toward these endeavors (Purpura, 2007, p.11). The vaccination ruse in Abbottabad, Pakistan depicted the urgency of employing non-religious scheme s that are neutral enough to attain the trust of the terrorists and their families. Community Needs Vaccination is an important need of Pakistani communities, and one which the CIA exploited to serve its purposes. The CIA required something â€Å"authentic† to not raise the security alarms of Bin Laden’s compound (Shah, 2011, par

Domestic Violence Cycles Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Domestic Violence Cycles - Term Paper Example The victims are usually women, children, elderly people, physically or mentally challenged persons and partners in gay or lesbian relationship (Steiner, 1996). Domestic violence is a far-reaching and social problem which has raised many serious debates. While many sociologists argue that domestic violence is mainly a male- perpetrated issue, many others believe that women are as violent as men in intimate relationships. The issue of domestic violence, especially against women, is not new and in fact, the domestic violence movement is at least 3 decades old. The movement has caught a lot of public awareness and has got many protective laws enacted. Many extensive networks of services have been started to help the victims of domestic violence. Domestic violence can be either physical - where there is danger of harm to any part of the victims body; psychological and emotional - where the offender abuses the victim verbally or criticizes her in front of others or causes embarrassment, despair, sadness or terror; sexual- wherein the victim suffers rape or any other derogatory treatment; economical- the offender tortures the victim by causing financial tensions, not allowing her to spend or asking her penny-to-penny accounts of what is being spent; or social- where the victim is not given freedom to meet her friends and relatives or attend social gatherings. Other methods of harassment include blackmailing, following, unwanted emails, and phone calls, etc. Children, elderly and the disabled may also suffer by sheer negligence like not giving food, shelter, and clothes properly or not giving medical aid in time. Also, children may suffer by just looking at their mother being beaten up (Davies, Smith and deBenedictis, 2008). According to the 1998 Commonwealth fund survey, nearly 31% of American women report being abused by their partners at some point in their lives (Commonwealth Fund, 1999).

Compare and contrast Christianity with Islam and Judaism Essay

Compare and contrast Christianity with Islam and Judaism - Essay Example All of them rely not so much on internal experience or mystical contact and leadership, as sacred rituals, faith and work, which lead man to God. Each of these religions believes that God has a special â€Å"agreement† (covenant) with his followers, although â€Å"terms and conditions of an agreement† are different. Jews, Christians and Muslims are united by faith in one God. All we pray to one God, compassionate and merciful Creator, but cognize him, at the same time, in totally different ways. St. Simeon, the New Theologian, who lived in Byzantium at the turn of the first and second millennia, gave the best, in my opinion, interpretation of God’s cognition - God is cognized by us so far forth as we can see a boundless sea, standing at night on a coast with a small candle in hands (cited in Neusner, Chilton, and Graham 122). The oldest, out of the three, monotheistic religion of mankind is Judaism. It appeared 1000 BC approximately. The nomadic Hebrew tribes liv ed on the territory of ancient Egypt and around it. Their religious leaders, or prophets, partly borrowed their ideas from religious beliefs, which spread in the region by that time, but with one great difference – they practiced the religion in one Almighty God. Hebrews believe that God requires obedience to a strict moral code and claim that they have a monopoly on the truth, considering, thus, their religion as the only correct one. Christianity inherited from Judaism many of the views, which subsequently became its integral part. â€Å"Both Christianity and Islam recognize Judaism as being a foundation for their beliefs. And Judaism, for its part, recognizes that there is a human history that precedes it.†(Golomb 18)...Belief takes many different forms; these forms are called religions. The word â€Å"religion† is literally translated from Latin as â€Å"connection.† Connection with God. Connection with the Universe. Connection with people around. A l ot of different religions existed and exist now.The main concept of Christianity is a belief in Jesus Christ, the only God-Man, and Savior. Jesus was an orthodox Jew and Christianity emerged as a sect within Judaism. By the way, it is not clear still whether Jesus wanted to create his own religion. Another great truth of Christianity is the Trinity of God. Most Christians, and especially non-Christians, have a very poor understanding of the Tripersonality. Part of Jews and Muslims even believe that Christians are not monotheists, but tritheists. (Muslims believe in one God, who is called God the Father in Christianity). The Christian church included into the Bible Hebrew Scriptures – the Old Testament, a common sacred text of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Islam, the second largest world religion, and Christianity have partly common origin. Islam comes from the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad, who lived in the VII century BC and is based on The Five Pillars of Islam - fiv e essential religious duties. Muslims believe that Allah has spoken through the previous prophets, including Moses and Jesus, who shared faith with Hebrews and Christians before the advent of Muhammad, whose doctrine is the most accurate expression of Allah’s will.

Hildegard Peplau Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Hildegard Peplau - Essay Example She also did work at Bellevue and Chestnut Lodge Psychiatric Facilities and was in contact with renowned psychiatrists Freida Fromm-Richman and Harry Stack Sullivan. From the beginning of her career in the late 1930s, Peplau worked tirelessly to advance nursing education and practice. Her efforts and excellent leadership saved the American Nurses Association from bankruptcy and moved the nursing profession towards scientific recognition and respectability. She was recognized for her numerous contributions in the nursing profession. Peplau has been considered as one of the renowned nursing leaders of her time. Her writings and research were repeatedly featured in the American Journal of Nursing from 1951 to 1960. She became a professor emeritus from Rutgers shortly after obtaining her doctorate degree. She established the first nursing post-baccalaureate program and eventually held the title of executive director and president of the American Nurses Association. She promoted professional standards and regulation through credentialing, as well as introduced the concept of advanced nursing practice. She advocated on behalf of nurses by advancing their status as professionals. She worked progressively in the mental health field and ultimately created a conceptual framework for the interpersonal relationship between nurses and their patients. She was honored as a â€Å"Living Legend† by the American Academy of Nurses. Starting in the early 1950s, she published many texts, beginning with a manuscript of a compilation of her theoretical framework for psychodynamic nursing entitled Interpersonal Relations in Nursing (published in 1952). She taught psychodynamic nursing and stressed the nurse’s ability to understand his or her own behavior to help others identify perceived difficulties. She identified the following phases of the nurse-patient relationship: orientation,

Discussion of the theories on Optimal Capital Structure Essay

Discussion of the theories on Optimal Capital Structure - Essay Example The study by Modigliani and Miller was based on the following assumptions: 1. There are no brokerage costs. 2. There are no taxes. 3. There are no bankruptcy costs. 4. Investors can borrow at the same rate as corporations. 5. All investors have the same information as management about the firm’s future investment opportunities. 6. EBIT is not affected by the use of debt. This theory says that if these assumptions hold true, the value of the firm is not affected by the capital structure. This situation is expressed as follows: VL = VU = SL + D. Here VL is the value of a levered firm, VU is the value of an identical, unlevered firm, SL is the value of the levered firm’s stock and D is the value of its debt. As we know that WACC is a combination of cost of debt and cost of equity. The cost of debt is lower than the cost of equity. As a company raises capital through debt, the weight of debt increases and hence, it drives up the cost of equity as equity gets riskier. According to the assumptions by Modigliani and Miller, the cost of equity increases by an amount to keep the WACC constant. In other words, under these assumptions it does not matter whether the firm uses debt or equity to raise capital. So, capital structure decisions are irrelevant in such conditions. Modigliani and Miller: The Effect of Corporate Taxes In 1963, Modigliani and Miller relaxed the assumption that there are no corporate taxes. The corporate tax laws favour debt financing over equity financing because the tax laws allow companies to deduct interest payments as expense and on the other hand dividends are not deductible. So this treatment encourages debt financing. Interest payments reduce the amount the firm pay s to the government in the form of taxes and more of its cash is available for its investors. Hence, tax deductibility of the interest payments acts as a shield for the firm’s income before tax. Modigliani and Miller presented this concept as follows: VL = VU + Value of side effects = VU + PV of tax shield. They further simplified the concept as: VL = VU + TD. Here T is the corporate tax rate and D is the amount of debt. This relationship is expressed in the graph below. If the corporate tax rate is 40%, then this formula implies that every dollar of debt will increase the value of the firm by 40 cents. Hence, the optimal capital structure is 100% debt. Under this theory, the cost of equity increases as the amount of debt increases but it does not increase as fast as it does under the assumption that there are no taxes. As a result, under this theory the WACC falls as the amount of debt increases. This relationship is shown in the following graph. Miller: The Effect of corpor ate and personal taxes Later Miller brought in the aspect of personal taxes in this model. He said that income from the bonds is considered as interest which is taxed as personal income at a particular rate (Td). On the other hand, income from stocks comes in the form of dividends and capital gains. The tax on long-term capital gains is deferred until the stock is sold and the gain is realized. Of the stock is held until the owner dies no capital gains tax is paid. So he concluded that the returns on stock are taxed at a lower effective tax rate (Ts) than returns on debt. Looking gat this, Miller argued

Get a grip, Minnesota, about our skeeters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Get a grip, Minnesota, about our skeeters - Essay Example She points out that, while West Nile and other mosquito-spread diseases are serious, the number of cases are nowhere near enough to warrant spending as much as is being spent by Minnesota. After all, flu cases kill far more a year yet we don't do much public-policy-wise except vaccinate. People die from bee stings or car chases far more often, but Minnesota hasn't spent time on bee control or better traffic safety. She doesn't make this argument, but there is also an obvious ecological concern. Pesticides don't just pollute water and threaten to poison people: They also kill all sorts of other animals. And killing a part of the ecosystem always has ramifications. Mosquitos pollinate grasses and act as predators and as prey: Killing them or, worse, poisoning them, can cause cascading effects that harms birds, frogs, etc. The fact that it's a local article means that it's important to bear in mind that Helgen is arguing specifically about Minnesota. Maybe Latin Americans should spend m oney on controlling mosquitoes; Helgen's arguments don't apply there. But her position does clearly apply to the situation of the Minnesota tax payer.

How Racialized Stereotypes Determine a Community's Value Assignment

How Racialized Stereotypes Determine a Community's Value - Assignment Example The assignment "How Racialized Stereotypes Determine a Community's Value" talks about the racial triangulation, the hierarchal positioning of races as dictated by the majority ethnic groups. In the United States, it is the assignment of social position among Asians by the Caucasians who constitute the dominant and majority, ethnic group.The racial stereotype exaggerates the cultural values of Asians to make them superior to blacks. They are assigned the value of being industrious, disciplined and smart to make them superior to blacks but cannot assimilate in American society so that they are still inferior to the whites. Asians may be considered as a little superior to blacks through their educational and economic achievement as dictated by the good and bad minority modeling but still, they are treated as outsiders of American society by the dominant whites. This is enforced through the process of relative valorization and civic ostracism where the dominant group dictates the social value of the minorities and enforce it through by isolating a certain group to put their place in society as dictated by the dominant group. The two major points from this week’s lesson that struck me are the persistence of racism in American society and how the white majority enforce it through the process of racial triangulation. I find this bothersome because America had been trumpeting itself as the land of equality where everybody should be equal regardless of color and ethnic origin yet on its own soil.

Corporation Taxation Foreign Tax Credit Research Paper

Corporation Taxation Foreign Tax Credit - Research Paper Example However, there are four tests which one requires in order to qualify for the foreign tax credit (Rousslang, 1). It follows that foreign tax credit cannot be more than a company’s tax liability multiplied by a certain percentage thus maximum allowable foreign tax credit. Carrying back of the foreign tax credit is a common practice especially when the credit is more than the maximum limit (About.com, 1). It is usually carried to the future or previous year depending on the situation. Credit for Foreign Income Taxes Irs.gov (1) reveals that income tax systems across the world are known to provide credit for similar income taxes that are usually paid to foreign countries. A limitation of credit is usually subjected to the kind of taxes which are of a similar nature to the taxed being credited. There are a number of rules that govern the eligibility of a tax credit. They include basis and nature of the levy; availability of a tax treaty between the two countries; form of payments; political influence; similarity of credit between the two countries; conditions relating to the levy and property or services that accompany the taxes. A typical example is the United States tax system which allows foreign tax credit on the basis of limitations. These limitations are usually in relation to compulsory levies on gross receipts or net income. The countries that require participating in boycotts are not awarded the credit. This exemption also applies to taxes that are subjected to services and goods according to the relevant taxing authority. In the UK, foreign tax credit is allowed on foreign tax similar to corporation tax; subject to limitations (Irs.gov, 1). This... This essay is the best example of comparison tax system of different countries. The United States tax system which allows foreign tax credit on the basis of limitations. These limitations are usually in relation to compulsory levies on gross receipts or net income. The countries that require participating in boycotts are not awarded the credit. This exemption also applies to taxes that are subjected to services and goods according to the relevant taxing authority. In the UK, foreign tax credit is allowed on foreign tax similar to corporation tax; subject to limitations. This situation is provided for in the respective tax treaties. Canada is known to limit the credit by way of deductions in relation to gas or oil businesses. A common observation has been that most tax systems across the world indicate the specific time when a foreign levy is eligible to receive credit. This has to be in accordance to the agreed requirements of the foreign tax credit. Rousslang further reveals that so me tax systems offer credit simply because the tax can be taxed according to the existing domestic tax system. Other systems offer the credit on the basis of the time when the particular foreign item is being subject to income tax requirements. Some tax systems offer credit on the basis of recognition in their financial statements. The government plays a vital role when it comes to developing tax treaties. It is therefore expected that various countries across the world have different methods of approaching this issue.

Recommendations to the Wallace Group Essay Example for Free

Recommendations to the Wallace Group Essay I have concluded my interviews with your team and have a list of recommendations based on priorities. The recommendations are unbiased and not intended to be personal attacks on the current management; they are based on the sound management principles and intended to maximize your company’s potential. a. Realign the corporate structure. Begin by recruiting a new board of directors using outside directors, â€Å"executives of other firms but are not employees of the board’s corporation†1, in addition to a limited number of management directors from inside the company. This combination of three companies working as independent entities is not working, they must be integrated and a different management organizational structure must be implemented. This group will be able to accomplish the next recommendation. b. Develop a mission statement and goals. The company must embark upon strategic management planning. This will include: †¢Clearer sense of strategic vision for the firm †¢Sharper focus on what is strategically important Improved understanding of a rapidly changing environment1 The Wallace group lacks vision and goals for its divisions and this leads to a lack of direction for the management team. A mission statement â€Å"defines the fundamental, unique purpose that sets a company apart from other firms of its type and identifies the scope of the company’s operations in terms of products offered and markets served†1. This business must develop a corporate wide strategic management plan to set a direction for the company and its shareholders. A part of this management planning would consist of SWOT analysis, strategy formulation, implementation and evaluation. This process is often referred to as Plan – Do – Act – Check or PDAC and is a continuous process. Making a profit today is not enough; there has to be an evaluation of where the company is now, where will it be in 2, 5, 10 years and how the company will attain those goals. c. Change the organizational chart: There needs to be an in-depth evaluation of the personnel currently in place. The current chart is one of vertical structure and should be revamped to be more horizontal. This accomplishes the goals of empowerment and coordination between the divisions. A glaring problem is the VP of the chemical division, J. Luskics, as he was the former owner that guided the company into foreclosure and appears to not be running the division efficiently now. The chemical division is not even internally competitive for the plastics or electronics divisions. Mr.Luskics should either be bought out of the company or reassigned to a position that he might be successful. There also is a redundancy among positions in the company, for example there are three directors of industrial relations, these positions should either be combined or incentivized to cooperate in the best interest of the company. d. Personnel development. There is no apparent leadership development in place and the company has relied on promoting technical staff to management positions which many are not equipped to handle. There needs to be a leadership development series initiated, leadership retreats to communicate and encourage relations amongst the teams, and perhaps some Management Assessment of Proficiency (MAP) testing to asses the current management team. Management development and succession planning must be implemented to ensure long term success. Job responsibilities need to be developed and implemented for all positions but specifically for the management team; including specific goals, budgeting, forecasting (long range planning), training, and staff satisfaction. . Communication. The lack of clear strategies, long term plans, goals and objectives has led to the recent revolt at the stockholders meeting. This is a clear indication of the frustration felt from the staff level up and the new direction of the company must be clearly communicated to all staff. Enthusiasm is contagious and the presentation of a new course for the company will be very exciting for staff. Employee surveys, sugges tion boxes and an engaging of the front line staff will do much to improve morale and spark improvements. I would like to commend you sir for creating a successful company but I do believe there are concrete steps that you can take to improve the future of this company. Mr. Wallace I believe the development of a vision will produce great results, with this vision you will attract personnel that want to be a part of a great company and profits for all involved will naturally follow. Remember â€Å"Visionary companies make some of their best moves by experimentation, trial and error, opportunism, and – quite literally – accident†2. I estimate that this plan of action will initially cost $1. 5 million but there will be cost savings realized in personnel reassignments, recruitment and retention, productivity, and a renewed sense of commitment that will be reflected in profits far surpassing the costs.

Health Risks of Weight Gain and Obesity

Health Risks of Weight Gain and Obesity This essay will analyse some of the main health risks posed by weight gain and obesity such as the risk of developing chronic heart disease, diabetes and cancer. It will also discuss some of the factors that can impact on wellbeing and the strategies in place nationally to promote healthy living habits. The World Health Organisation (W.H.O), reports that weight gain is a global issue, and reports that â€Å"42 million children under the age of five were overweight or obese in 2013†. Their research found that people who are overweight have a higher risk of heart disease, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, Type 2 diabetes and other chronic diseases such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), cancer and stroke. To reduce these risks we need to help the body maintain good weight. The British Heart Foundation(BHF) advises people to seek support from a GP or even family and friends who can help to establish long term goals to achieve this. In relation to this, there are two calculations used by health professionals to predict if someone is at increased risk of serious illness: waist circumference and body mass index or BMI (Body Mass Index), calculated by dividing one’s weight (kg) by the square of their height (m). Defining children as overweight is a difficult process since their height and weight changes at the same time, and growth patterns differ between the sexes so separate charts are used for calculations. The National Child Measurement Programme analyses these calculations in preschool children aged 4-6 in the UK and are a part of national measures to tackle obesity. A 2013 survey by Public Health England (PHE) found that obesity prevalence in 4-5 and 10-11 year olds has been increasing. These children would need to lose weight to improve their health and lessen the risk that they will become obese adults. In 2012 The BHF estimated that more than a quarter of adults in England were obese. In its 2012 statistical report, the BHF reported that coronary heart disease was the biggest killer in the UK in 2010. It is a common consequence of being overweight and obese and occurs when fatty material blocks arteries. The BHF advises people to eat healthily, lower alcohol consumption, exercise and avoid smoking to lower the risk. Being overweight can affect the risk of cancer because fat tissues in the body produce hormones that can affect the way cells work. According to Cancer Research UK, obesity is linked to one in twenty cancers in the UK and is also a factor in three of the hardest to treat cancers including: pancreatic, gallbladder and oesophageal. Smoking also increases the risk of developing at least 13 types of cancer including Lung Cancer. Chemicals in cigarettes permanently damage DNA which can cause cancer cells to grow and multiply. Smoking is also a major cause of Strokes and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). People suffering from COPD struggle to breathe in and out due to the long term damage to the tissue around the lungs. The NHS estimates that nearly three million people in the UK are affected by COPD. People can slow the progression of the disease by stopping smoking, eating healthily and exercising. Like Coronary Heart Disease, strokes are linked to high blood pressure, which is often linked to smoking. Strokes occur when the brain’s blood supply is restricted when the arteries become blocked causing blood clots. The NHS advises people to reduce the risk of stroke by eating a healthy diet which can lower cholesterol levels, exercising regularly and cutting down smoking and alcohol consumption. According to Diabetes UK, diabetes affects 3.2 million people in the UK and is associated with high or low glucose and poor blood circulation since it causes arteries to become ‘’furred up’’. Diabetes occurs when there is too much glucose in the blood. Type 1 Diabetes usually appears in childhood and can be controlled by insulin injections. Type 2 Diabetes usually appears in people over 40, and is treated by a combination of eating healthy, exercising and medication. Complications can occur when diabetes is not managed properly since high glucose levels can damage the small blood vessels that supply key organs. Diabetes UK lists complications including: cardiovascular and kidney disease, feet ulcers, eye and nerve problems, and high blood pressure. The NHS reports that High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) , often named the ‘silent killer’, affects about 30% of the English population and if untreated can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke. High Blood pressure can be reduced by altering the lifestyle by stopping smoking, lowering alcohol and caffeine consumption, and lowering weight via healthy eating and exercise. It can also be treated with some medication. Good habits learned in childhood can ensure that key health factors such as eating varied foods as part of a healthy balanced diet and exercising become part of the daily routine. The British Nutrition Foundation recommends teaching children early about the various food groups that make up a nutritionally balanced plate, illustrated via the â€Å"Eat Well Plate†. These food groups and their key benefits are summarised as: -Carbohydrates: starchy foods which should form the base of what we eat and include potatoes, rice, bread, pasta. Some of these foods are available as white or wholegrain and health professionals advise to choose the wholegrain varieties such as brown rice, as they contain more minerals, vitamins and fibre. -Protein can be found in meat, fish and beans and is essential for the body to grow and repair itself. Meat is a main source of B12, a vitamin that cannot come from vegetables. According to the National Institute of Health, B12 deficiency can lead to loss of appetite, memory loss and depression. B12 components can also reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke. Meat can be a source of vitamins, zinc and iron, but also of fat so it is advisable to buy lean meat or poultry. Oily fish such as mackerel and sardines contain essential omega 3 fatty acids that help to fight blockages in the arteries thereby reducing cholesterol and preventing heart disease. -The dairy group comprises milk and dairy products, foods high in fat but which contain calcium, which helps to keep bones strong. Despite being high in calories fats have some beneficial roles such as helping to transport essential vitamins around the body. Fats come in two types. Saturated fat comes mainly from animal products such as meat, dairy and eggs and can increase cholesterol in the body which can lead to heart disease. Unsaturated fat products are found mainly in vegetables and plants such as nuts, olives and avocados and are beneficial to the body and help to lower cholesterol. -Fruit and vegetables help to keep the body healthy as they are low in fat and are high in essential vitamins and minerals such as vitamin C, potassium, as well as fibre which helps to reduce bowel cancer, as well as heart disease and stroke. The Department of Health recommends eating at least five portions of fruit and vegetables a day to reduce these risks and has introduced a free piece of fruit or vegetable portion to every child in primary school aged between 4-6 years under the School Fruit and Vegetable Scheme. Findings in 2014 by the National Diet and Nutrition Survey showed that too many people eat more than the daily recommended amount of sugar. Sugars occur naturally in foods such as fruit and milk, but they are dangerous when added to food and drink such as biscuits, fizzy drinks, sweets and contribute to obesity and tooth decay. To help children develop good eating habits early, parents can engage children in creative activities at home such as cooking demonstrations that can help children to explore and taste new foods,explore new colours and textures which can fuel excitement and interest in food. Children can be involved in the shopping experience,at the supermarket they can select their own fruit and vegetables. Children involved in these activities,or who eat at a table with others are more likely to try different foods which can lower the risk of becoming picky eaters. The WHO recommends that children should undertake at least one hour a day of physical activity. It is therefore important that parents find opportunities to incorporate active play opportunities in a childs daily routine. The NHS advises parents to minimise the amount of time young children under five spend being restrained in a car seat or pram,or watching television. It advises that in order to maintain a healthy BMI,small children under five should be physically active for three hours spread over the day. The guidance includes energetic activities for increased movement such as swimming,using the climbing frame,chasing games involving running e.g. hide and seek. Small children can be encouraged to free play before an evening meal rather than watching television. In addition parents can involve children with physical tasks around the home,for example with cleaning or gardening. Young babies can be involved in light activity at home:such as by encouraging babies to crawl,jump or roll. Parents can let a baby kick on a changing mat before a bath or after being changed. A 2012 Health for England Survey reported that physical activity is important for preschool children as it increases bone and muscle strength,attention,and improves behaviour and achievement. However, childrens play is becoming increasingly restricted due to factors such as parents working later hours, lack of suitable outdoor play space and parents fears about childrens safety on the streets. Some charities such as Change for Life and Play for England campaign to increase awareness of the benefits that play has for children, and campaigns to increase outdoor play spaces for children. They suggest that trips to the local park and adventure playgrounds are great outdoor play opportunities, particularly valuable in a modern, urbanised society. Their Street Play Project for example,campaigns to increase residential-led street play for children particularly in disadvantaged areas. Reducing ill health is one the Governments visions for children and families in the UK, who following the tragic death of Victoria Climbe put together a programme-Every Child Matters to bring together all agencies looking after children in their care to prevent ill treatment. It created legislation to promote childrens mental and physical health by bring together all agencies to improve outcomes for all children in their care. Physical activity is also at the heart of the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) Curriculum,one of the seven areas of achievement intended to help preschool children recognise the importance of physical activity in maintaining a healthy lifestyle by the time the reach the end of the curriculum. Looking after the emotional aspects of life is also an important consideration of wellbeing, sitting side by side with eating healthy and staying physically fit. It is now largely accepted that what children become in their adult lives is to a great extent a product of their experiences in the early stages of their lives (Measuring National Wellbeing 2012). However research carried out by PHE in 2013 found regional differences in physical activity and wellbeing,with higher levels of obesity detected in deprived areas of low income. Issues such as poor quality of housing and material deprivation including toys and food can have a negative effect on a young persons wellbeing. These issues contravene some beneficial principles families should incorporate to promote a harmonious environment in the home where wellbeing can thrive. Two key principles are: -Avoiding conflict within the home as this creates a negative atmosphere -The consistency approach,if followed helps to develop reliability,trust and learning that actions have consequences. In childcare settings it is essential to monitor and evaluate childrens development to ensure that they are not displaying signs of physical, social or emotional difficulties affecting their wellbeing. Equally, education practitioners can also help parents who need support with physical, emotional and economic problems impacting on their wellbeing, by offering access to parenting services such as the Triple P Program (Positive Parenting Programme) which claims that it helps lower parents stress,anger and depression. Courses include individual consultations with trained professionals and group sessions where parents can meet together in an encouraging and non judgemental environment where they can share experiences. In conclusion, the trend in modern society is for people to become less active, in particular children who are leading increasingly sedentary lives. Parents find it challenging to help children meet the recommended minimum of one hour a day of moderate exercise, as parents work increasingly longer hours,and outdoor play spaces are reduced in urbanised environments. Lack of exercise and high carb diets mean that children are more at risk of developing serious health difficulties in the future-obesity,heart disease,weakened bone structure and cancer. It is therefore important for parents to make a change since children who develop an active lifestyle and are introduced to a variety of physical activities are much more likely to continue that healthy lifestyle into adulthood. Governments also need to continue to prevent and promote good health as identified by the Every Child Matters and School Fruit and Vegetable Scheme. Reference List World Health Organisation (2014) Obesity and Overweight,Factsheet No311 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ (accessed 13 November 2014) Townsend N, Wickramasinghe K, Bhatnagar P, Smolina K, Nichols M, Leal J, Luengo-Fernandez R, Rayner M (2012). Coronary heart disease A compendium of health statistics 2012 edition. British Heart Foundation: London. file:///C:/Users/monicasofia/Downloads/2012_CHD_Statistics_Compendium.pdf (Accessed 11 November 2014).Pages accessed: p8,p10 British Heart Foundation,Preventing Heart Disease 2014 http://www.bhf.org.uk/heart-health/prevention.aspx(Accessed 12 November 2014). Public Health England, National Child Measurement Programme Operational Guidance,May 2014. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/361189/NCMP_operational_guidance_v2_Sept_14.pdf (Accessed 14 November 2014). Cancer Research Uk,Obesity,Body weight and Cancer,2014. http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/healthyliving/obesity-bodyweight-and-cancer/obesity-body-weight-and-cancer Accessed 12th November 2014). Kath Roberts, Nick Cavill, Caroline Hancock and Harry Rutter Public Health England Social and Economic Inequalities in diet and physical activity 2013, p8,9, http://www.noo.org.uk/uploads/doc/vid_19253_Social_and_economic_inequalities_in_diet_and_physical_activity_04.11.13.pdf (Accessed 14 November 2014) NHS ,Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseaese 2014, http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx#close.Smokers (Accessed 13 November 2014). NHS ,Stroke-Prevention,(2014), http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Stroke/Pages/Prevention.aspx (Accessed 12 November 2014). NHS,High Blood Pressure,2014 http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Blood-pressure-(high)/Pages/Introduction.aspx (Accessed 12 November 2014) Diabetes UK ,What is Diabetes, 2014, http://www.diabetes.org.uk/Guide-to-diabetes/What-is-diabetes/ (Accessed 10 November 2014). Diabetes UK,Nerves, Diabetes Complications 2014, http://www.diabetes.org.uk/Guide-to-diabetes/Complications/ (Accessed 12 November 2014) British Nutrition Foundation 2014,www.nutrition.org.uk (accessed 12 Novemebr 2014). National Institute of Health,June,24,2011.Vitamin B12 Factsheethttp://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-Consumer/#h1 (Accessed 12 November 2014) Department of Health,The National Archives,5 a Day http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publichealth/Healthimprovement/FiveADay/Index.htm (Accessed 12 November 2014). Department of Health,The National Archives School Fruit and Vegetable Scheme 22 march 2010 http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publichealth/Healthimprovement/FiveADay/FiveADaygeneralinformation/DH_4002149 (Accessed 12 November 2014) Public Health England Reducing Obesity and Improving Diet,Public Health and Young People 14 May 2014 https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-national-diet-and-nutrition-survey-shows-uk-population-is-eating-too-much-sugar-saturated-fat-and-salt (Accessed 10 November 2014) Kath Roberts, Nick Cavill, Caroline Hancock and Harry Rutter ,Public Health England Social and Economic Inequalities in Diet and Physical Activity 2013 http://www.noo.org.uk/uploads/doc/vid_19253_Social_and_economic_inequalities_in_diet_and_physical_activity_04.11.13.pdf (Accessed 14 November 2014) Health Survey for England Summary of Key Findings 2012 http://www.hscic.gov.uk/catalogue/PUB13218/HSE2012-Sum-bklet.pdf (Accesed 12 november 2014) Every Child Matters,Department of Health -2003 https://www.education.gov.uk/consultations/downloadableDocs/EveryChildMatters.pdf (Accessed 13 November 2014) Play for England 2014 http://www.playengland.org.uk/ (Accessed 14 November 2014) Change 4 Life 2014 http://www.nhs.uk/change4life/Pages/why-change-for-life.aspx (Accessed 14 November 2014) Theodore Joloza, Office for National Statistics,Measuring National Well-being-Children’s Well Being ,2012, http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171766_283988.pdf (Accessed 14 November 2012). Triple P Programme http://www.triplep.net/glo-en/home/ (Accessed 13 November 2014)

Programming Languages for Data Analysis

Programming Languages for Data Analysis R and Python for Data Analysis Abstract This paper discusses the comparison between the popular programming languages for Data analysis. Although there are plenty of choices in programming languages for Data science like Java, R Language, Python etc. With a whole lot of research carried out to know the strengths of these languages, we are going to discuss any two of these. Data Analytics has been the most important and trusted tool for business and markets. Data Analytics is nowadays making use of SAAS (Software As a Service). For this literature review, two popular languages (R and python) have been studied and evaluated the characteristics to decide which one will be the right language for data analysis. Both Languages shows their own strength and weakness and based on that, to understand the data based processing environments in the Distributed File Systems. Keywords-Programming language; Data analytics; R; Python, Big Data; For an industry to grow in a market is not an easy task. With the help of Data Analytics, it can grow bigger and better. It can help to deliver quick corporate results and a value to business. The major challenge with the data is to process it and then make decisions worth value. Data Crunching requires proper tools and powerful analysis. Out of all languages, we choose two popular language i.e R language and Python for data analysis. We are going to discuss the need of using a programming language in Data Analysis and list some of the characteristics of these two languages. In the end, we will conclude which language performs and delivers in the field of Data Analysis. While carrying out research in Data Analytics, we came across multiple programming languages apart from R and Python which are described below- Julia Not a well-recognized language but hackers surely talk of Julia. It is said to be faster than R upgradable than Python. [5] Java In comparison to R and Python, Java seems less capable in terms of Data Visualization but can be the first choice for the prototype of the statistical system. [6] MATLAB Became popular and was used before the release of python and R. To be good fit as a programming language we should consider different aspects of data analysis. For this review purpose we will broadly classify them as follow- Collection of Raw Data Data is available in variety of format. Programming languages were evaluated in terms of support for various data formats and efficiency in handling them. Data processing Once imported into program, datasets might require cleansing in terms of missing values, unrelated or redundant data values etc. Capabilities to deal with such data were evaluated for programming languages Data Exploration Simplicity of applying commonly used statistical methods like grouping, pattern recognition, switching and sorting is evaluated for programming languages. Data Analysis Availability of special purpose in-built functions and various methods of machine learning and deep analysis are used as evaluation measures. Data Visualization Visualization is important aspect of data analytics. Visualization capabilities of programming languages were evaluated on the basis of ease of creation, simplicity and sharing in various formats. In addition to these capabilities we will discuss a bit about history and accolades of every programming language. We will also discuss popular choices for IDE (Integrated Development Environment) for these1 language. Introduced in 1995, by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman, R is implementation of S programming language (Bell Labs). Latest version is 3.1.3 which was released in March, 2015. Rs architectural design and evolution is maintained by R-foundation and R-Core Group. [1] Rs software environment is written primarily in C, FORTRAN, and R. RStudio is very popular IDE used to perform data analysis using R. Primary used for academic research, R is rapidly expanding into enterprise market. [1] A. Collection of Raw Data You can Import data from variety of formats like excel, CSV, and from text files. DataFrames, primary data structure in R, can import files from SPSS or MiniTab. Basically R can handle data from most common sources without glitch. Where R is not so great at is data collection from web. Lot of work is being carried to address this limitation. To name few, Rvest package will perform basic web-scraping while magrittr will parse the information on webpages. [1][3] B. Data Processing It is very easy to reshape dataframe in R. Tasks like adding new columns, populating missing values etc. can be done with just one line of code. Many new packages like reshape2 allow users to manipulate data frames to fit the criteria set per requirements. [3] C. Data Exploration R is built by statisticians. For exploratory work its easy for beginners. Many models can be written with very few lines of codes. With R, users will be able to build probability distributions and apply statistical methods for machine learning. For advance work in analytics, optimization and analysis, users may have to rely on third party packages. [3] Many popular packages like zoo (to work with time-series), caret (machine learning) represent strength of R. Python is loosely bind programming language with very wide user base. D. Data Visualization Visualization is strong forte of R. R was built to perform statistical analysis and demonstrate the results. By default, R allows you to make basic charts and plot graphs which can be saved in variety of formats like jpeg or PDFs. With advance packages like ggvis, lattice and ggplot2 user can extend data visualization capabilities of R program. [1][3] Created by Guido Van Rossum in 1991, Python is inspired by C, Modula-3 and in-perticular ABC. Python software foundation (PSF) is curator for Python language. Current version is 3.4.3/2.7.9 released in Feb 2015/Dec 2014. Python has been popular choice for programmer to build web and multitier applications. In context of data analytics, Python is majorly use by programmers to apply statistical techniques. Coding in python is easy because of nice syntax. [4] IPython Notebook and ANACONDA are popular IDEs used for data analysis using Python. A. Collection of Raw Data In addition to excel, CSV and text data, python also supports JASON and semi-structured data formats like XML and YAML. Using certain libraries, users can import SQL tables into python program [4] Python Request Library facilitates web scrapping, where user can get data from websites to analyze in depth. [2] B. Data Processing To uncover underlying information, Pandas library of python comes handy. Like R, data is held in DataFrames which can be used and reused throughout program without hampering performance. [2] Users can apply standard methods of cleaning data or process data to fill out incompelete information just like R. C. Data Exploration Pandas is very powerful library. Users will be able to group by datavalues and sort them according to timeseries. Comlex grouping clauses like time-series analysis to seconds can be performed on dataframes in python program. D. Data Visualization Using MetaPlotlib [2] library, user can plot basic graphs and chrats from available data-points. For advance visulization, Plot.ly can be used, which is another python library. Users can use powerful IDEs like Anaconda or IPython Notebook to create powerful visualization and convert them into various formats like HTML. In addition to their differences, there are few common positives about both Python and R which make them so popular among data analysts and statisticians. R and Python are distributed under open license which make them free to download and modify per users need. In contrast to other programming tools, like SAS and SPSS, which come with hefty price tag. Being open source, many advancements in statistics will come to python and R first.[6] Both of them are widely loved and supported by big community of statisticians and developers. [6] IDE like IPython Notebook will consolidate your datasets in one file, thereby simplifies your workflow.[2] R has rich ecosystem of cutting edge packages to string your work together which proves useful in particular to Data Analysis.[3] Python is more of general purpose language. Its easy and intuitive, therefor it has simplified learning curve. Pythons testing framework guaranties reusability and reliability of code. R is language developed by statisticians for statisticians while python is easier to learn general purpose programming language.[3] Working through research in programming languages for data analytics, there are many other options which are listed below- Julia Though not yet widely recognized, data hackers talk fondly of Julia. It is regarded as faster than R and more scalable than Python.[5] Java Although java is not as capable as python and R in terms of visualization, it can be primary choice to build prototype for statistical system. [6] KAFKA Developed by linked-in, KAFKA is highly regarded for its real-time analytics capabilities.[6] STORM Storm is framework written in SCALA which saw recent tides of popularity in Silicon Valley MATLAB Excel Used by many statisticians before outburst of python and R. Special thanks to Prof. Oisin Creaner, for presenting this opportunity to dig out for various options available for programming in Data Analytics Ihaka, R. and Gentleman, R., 1996. R: a language for data analysis and graphics. Journal of computational and graphical statistics, 5(3), pp.299-314. Pedregosa, F., Varoquaux, G., Gramfort, A., Michel, V., Thirion, B., Grisel, O., Blondel, M., Prettenhofer, P., Weiss, R., Dubourg, V. and Vanderplas, J., 2011. Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python. The Journal of Machine Learning Research, 12, pp.2825-2830.. Nasridinov, A. and Park, Y.H., 2013, September. Visual Analytics for Big Data Using R. In Cloud and Green Computing (CGC), 2013 Third International Conference on (pp. 564-565). IEEE. Sanner, M.F., 1999. Python: a programming language for software integration and development. J Mol Graph Model, 17(1), pp.57-61. Bezanson, J., Karpinski, S., Shah, V.B. and Edelman, A., 2012. Julia: A fast dynamic language for technical computing. arXiv preprint arXiv:1209.5145. Fan, W. and Bifet, A., 2013. Mining big data: current status, and forecast to the future. ACM sIGKDD Explorations Newsletter, 14(2), pp.1-5.

Western Education in Nineteenth-Century India :: Essays Papers

Western Education in Nineteenth-Century India This page proposes to examine the history of English language and literature in colonial India in order to highlight why they should retain high cultural status in the post independence years. Inevitably this was an ongoing process when results of which reflect the fusion of a wide range of social, political, and cultural influences. However, it can be seen that certain policies and publications had a particular potency and effect. Through outlining the most influential of these it will be possible to register how their reverberations continue to impinge upon the social and cultural milieu of post independence India today. In the field of post-colonial studies the question of whether to write in the language of the former oppressor becomes a hotly debated subject giving rise to much difference of opinion. Crucial Events in the Shaping of a Language Culture The Charter Act of 1813 decreed that English would be taught in the Indian education system although not as a replacement for indigenous languages . Instead, it was anticipated that English would co-exist with Oriental studies as a means by which moral law could be reinforced. The 1817 publication of John Mill's History Of British India proved to be a defining text in the theories of how education policies should be formed (ed. Horace Hayman Wilson: London, Piper, Stephenson and Spence, 1858). Mill was situated firmly in the Enlightenment tradition and disdainful of notions that Indian culture and tradition was of relevant value for an advancing nation. He dismissed cultural history on the basis that it was not primarily motivated by reason and therefore was illogical, irrational and defunct. Relying on missionary accounts of Hindu society Mill condemned Indian behaviour as immoral in comparison to European codes of conduct. India and Indians were deemed a childish, superstitious and backward nation with a huge potential for development. In the world view of Mill and others the crude emerging civilisation of India could be directed and moulded by the morally superior colonial power. Mill advocated the introduction of European knowledge to counter balance I ndian traits judged to be irrational. Instilling ideals of reason would accordingly 'reform' Indians by the example of Western systems of thought and outlook. The ideas contained within the History Of British India discredited Indian culture, language and literature even as its assumptions of moral superiority authorise and justified the presence of the British in India.

Aerospace Psychology :: essays research papers

Aerospace Psychology 1. The complicated task of piloting an aircraft can be broken into two broad categories. The first is keeping the aircraft flying. The second is arriving at a given destination. The second is always being effected by the first. Unlike a car, small deviation in course can over great distances cause the aircraft to arrive hundreds of miles from the target destination. To successfully accomplish the task, safe arrival, the larger tasks can be sub-divided into three categories. The first is the Procedural Tasks. These are the maintenance task that must be accomplished every time in a certain way at a certain time, i.e. take off and landing checklists. The next is Decision and Judgement Tasks. Problem solving is another way to look at it. The crew will react based on past experience to a given situation. The last is Communications and Resource Management. This is how the crew communicates with each other while problem solving, either poorly or well. 2. The pilot uses visual cues such as rate of flow of texture outward from or convergence of parallel linear features to visually fly the aircraft. Estimates of speed are derived from global optic flow (GOL). This is the rate that texture flows over the optical area. This can be effected by elevation, at higher elevations underestimation of true speed will occur. Approach path distortions occur when there is a slope before the landing strip or other visual features such as dwarfed trees. The human eye is not designed for conditions found in flight. Planes that are a collision course have no apparent movement to them. This takes the natural attraction to movement out of play. Because of the lack of visual stimulation the eye will focus only a few meters in front, so distant objects are unfocused. The scanning of instruments provides a source of input that allows the pilot to visualize the position of aircraft in flight. The novice pilot will scan all the instruments in a given pattern . While the experienced pilot will look at all the instrument that will give them feedback on the action that occurred. Of the main instrument the most useful is the attitude direction indicator (ADI). This is the instrument most referred and the one that most novice pilot will get fixated with. It is also the only one that resembles an aircraft and provides information in a format other than an analog circular dial.

Death of Salesman by Arthur Miller Essay -- Death Salesman Arthur Mill

Death of Salesman by Arthur Miller The Requiem seems to simply conclude the play at the funeral and let us see the other character's view of events with some retrospect. However, with closer scrutiny, we see that old issues and resentments are still very prevalent. The Requiem can be split into two halves. The first half sees Charley, Biff, Linda and Happy over Willy's grave. Each character is unique in their perspective at this point, reflecting Willy's own change of perspective towards the end of play and reminding us of several themes in the text. Happy still clings to the memory of Willy Loman as the successful salesman and general good man. Indeed, he holds this view with some ferocity. He tries to stop Biff being negative about his father (the stage directions include 'almost ready to fight Biff infuriated') and his last words are ones of defiance: 'I'm gonna show you and everybody else that Willy Loman did not die in vein this is where I'm gonna win it for him' This seems rather absurd to the reader as it is clear now that the American Dream for the Loman family is just that- a dream. The spectacular failure of his father and the collapse of the family show that the dogmatic pursuit of success is fruitless and even dangerous. 'Happy' is a very apt name for the son who tries to be happy and show a brave face even when things have collapsed around him. Other examples of this include Happy rallying Biff both when they talk about setting up business together and when Happy tries to make Biff attract women at the restaurant in Scene 2. Happy also represents the side of Willy that he was most used to (Happy, unlike Biff, lived with Willy day to day and so was more indoctrinated to the lies and... ...wife. Instead of seeing the inevitable, as Charley does, or being somehow released like Biff, she can only see things in terms of money and time, like Willy used to obsess over- 'He even finished with the dentist'. The second half of the Requiem is dedicated to Linda. It is quite hard to understand. She says that she 'can't cry' but then seconds later she is 'sobbing more fully'. Why is this? Maybe telling her true feelings to Willy instead of suppressing them like when he was alive releases her, but she keeps repeating 'we're free'. As she whispers this she seems to be on a higher plane and connecting with Willy. This, however, is open to interpretation and all we can safely say is that the Requiem releases the pressure that was mounting in the Loman household in possibly the only way it could; with the realisation of the failure of the American Dream.

How can we know, if at all, that our behavior is ethical? Essay

As human beings, how do we recognize that our actions towards ourselves, our surroundings, and to others around us are ethical? For instance, a student is caught cheating on a test in school. Why is this pupil punished for what they have done, and how do they know their actions were right or wrong? Ethics, as described by Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, is the â€Å"science of human duty; a particular system of principles and rules concerting duty, whether true or false; rules of practice in respect to a single class of human actions; as, political or social ethics; medical ethics.† This means that ethics are what we, as humans consider right or wrong and are formed by the morals that each of us individually believe and abide by. We can find human ethics in the judicial law system, religion, and in our everyday society throughout the entire world population. Individuals in a civilized group follow judicial laws. These laws outline what we can and cannot do. Our leaders have created these laws parallel to the daily changes that humans experience in society. When these changes occur, they conclusively affect humans, resulting in new changes in the judicial law system as well. In such a case, many years ago it was thought that child labour was ethical because children were seen just as miniature adults who could accomplish the same workload as a grown man or woman. Today we realize that this is not the case, and view child labour as being unethical. As a result, laws have been made in order to protect children from being immersed in our labour force. We know through science of the mind and body, that child labour directly effects the psychological development of children. Children are not fully physiologically developed to work as hard nor for as long as grown adults can. In response to the increase in our knowledge of such resembling situations, judicial laws are also changed to follow the development of human ethics. When judicial laws and ethics are not followed, punishments serve to teach the prosecuted what is ethical and what is not. If you break a law such as killing another person, you will be tried and jailed on the lawful account of murder. T he majority of the punished will hopefully realize that what they have done is unethical, and that it should definitely not be done again. Humanitarian laws have been created as a practical (and peaceful) guide to daily living. Therefore, punishments are given to individuals who do not wish to abide by these guidelines in an attempt to change the way that they have acted in their past. In faith and religion, there are many different ethical laws that have been set since the beginning of the respective organization. These laws vary between religions and countries. In the Christian religion there are the Ten Commandments, which followers try to live by. These commandments set by God are the ethics on which the Christians should live. Humans decide which religion they wish to believe in, and in by doing so, they decide what ethics and actions are correct for them to follow. Though many of these ethics have been set a long time ago, we can still decide what we wish to follow, and what we wish to rule out. In the Islam faith, followers find ethics by what is written in the Quarn. Christians find their religious ethics through the Bibles. Such scriptures serve as religious guidelines, outlining how to morally live and act in certain situations. There are many different religions in the world, yet each and every one of them offer specific guidelines of morals and human ethics to teach the rights from the wrongs. If these ethics and behaviors are not followed, the individual will be punished. If you commit an action that goes so strongly against the ethical laws and behaviors set by your religion, results of punishment could be that; your family or religious group may shun you, or in an even worse case, you could be jailed for certain periods of time. The results are all determined by specific factors such as the specific religion, the country, and crime committed. There are many serious prices to pay for breaking the moral laws of human and religious ethics. Within society, there are unspoken and unwritten rules, that we see as ethical, by which every citizen and human being should abide. Along with these rules, we find moral obligation of considerations of what is right and wrong and this determines how people act. Such ethical laws are changed overtime because of the influence that certain individual’s actions have on society. In some cases, these actions can change our ethics making the formerly wrong actions eventually accepted by society. An example of this is how women’s fashion has changed over the last century. Seventy years ago it was unacceptable for women to show any skin above their ankles while wearing a dress. Today in Canada, we are able to se females who wear skirts and shorts without a second thought, making this action fully accepted by their surrounding society. Because of instances such as this, people follow society and views what it accepts as ethical. What may be ethical and acceptable in one part of the world may not be acceptable in another. This is judged on what the majority of the people do, and on what their religious and cultural beliefs are. In most professions, such as medicine and dentistry, there is a code of conduct, which practitioners must follow. This code of conduct is built on what society accepts as being ethical in that certain field. Humans must be mentally aware of society’s unwritten rules. These rules should come easily to all mentally stable humans, for they are based on the way individuals are raised and the morals that result from proper parental nourishment. Not following the ethics and behaving in a manner which society deems wrong can punish an individual through public or social groups. In professions where there is a code of conduct and it is broken, you could be finned or suspended from that profession. As well, your family and friends could lose your trust or respect and your image and reputation could be damaged. In the world around us there are three major parts of ethics; judicial law, religion, and the mass of moral, unwritten in our surrounding society. In each, ethical laws determine whether individual actions and behaviors are right or wrong, and outline certain punishments for breaking the ‘rules’. These punishments are given according to the severity of the crime, and religious and social, religious, and cultural belies. We base our ethics on the norms around us and how others and we ourselves act. Therefore we, as individuals, are in fact the ones who decide what actions and behaviors are ethical, morally determining our own providence.

Boston Artwork Essay

The populace stratagem ferments that I chose argon Asaroton 1976 (Unswept Floor) and capital of Massachusettss Famed Rainbow store. The similarities of these art schools are that they are both(prenominal) avail able in public view and that they are unique types of artwork. on that point is not much like the Rainbow ice chest or the Asaroton 76 types, as they were veritable ideas of the artists. Considering the effect that they have on people, both artworks implementm to blend in the popular life of those who cope with it in a regular basis.The Asaroton is being whirled around and stepped around, slice the Rainbow store contains liquefied ingrained gas. Its as if the artwork has naturally been there, a part of everyones ordinary lives disdain the fact they are extraordinary creations (Millis, 1997). The Asaroton 76 is an artwork like no other, as it is composed of bronze replicas of everyday absquatulate and debris of the market, which is then embedded in concrete. At first glance, the artwork vindicatory seems to be a deformity or an abnormality in the road (Harries/Heder globe Art, 2006).But if you seem at it closely, you bequeath see the intricate details and designs emboss on the concrete base on ballsway. In relation back to this, it is situated in a department of the street which forms a major crosswalk. galore(postnominal) people pass it or walk over it everyday, but they dont seem to mind. To them, the artwork is already a part of their everyday lives. capital of Massachusettss Famed Rainbow Tank is actually a gigantic tank of liquefied natural gas which was painted with five bulky swaths of color, deliciousally arsed as though theyre simply strokes of a paintbrush (NPR, 2001).The colour are yellow, orange, blue, vermillion, and purple. With the way the tank is painted, its as if it was straightforward a galactic chamberpotvas for an abstract artwork. The stripes actually doesnt resemble whateverthing, but check to th ose who gaze at this gigantic work of art, they see faces of prominent personalities, whether theyre our friends or foes (images of Ho Chi Minh, Fred Flintstone, Saddam Hussein). The Asaroton 76 is situated in the busy, open look produce market on Blackstone Street.The place it is embedded is a part of a major crosswalk, so you can just imagine how many people walk over it or pass it during the get across of the day. Heavy motor traffic is also present during the day, so we can check out that this artwork is not something that we keep in museums or galleries, as it is best appreciated in public. capital of Massachusettss Rainbow Tank is situated somewhere along capital of Massachusettss waterfront, the industrial part of the sphere of influence.The rainbow tank is such a massive body structure that many people can see it without having to get close to it. There were restaurants just around the area, and the rainbow tank has been a ordinary view for the urban dwellers. The tank holds a good spot in everyones heart, as it was made originally as a sign of peace, and now it mud a masterpiece unique from any other artworks. The utileness of Asaroton 76 in conveying an artistic message is incomparable, as it artfully depicts some of the common things that we see everyday.It immortalizes the debris of everyday life, which seem to glint back to us, how we oftentimes dont recognize these stuff as artistic or as anything valuable. With the Asaroton, we are able to see how these things, no matter what they are, can be a very good subject for a wonderful work of art. Its main difference with the Rainbow Tank is obviously the size, and also the feeling it conveys, as it serves as a reminder of the things we normally neglect or ignore, as for the Rainbow Tank, it is a sign of peace, thats why it conveys a feeling of happiness to the viewers.The Rainbow Tank is effective in its purpose of spreading peace, as it conveys a feeling of peacefulness and juvenile joy, de spite the size of the structure. People who look at it tend to smile, even without a reason. Its mere presence in the area brings and assurance of peace for the people, though in reality, it could easily be a indicate of terrorism, with all the natural gas it contains. References Harries/Heder man Art. (2006). Asaroton 1976 (Unswept Floor).Retrieved June 9, 2008, from http//www. harriesheder. com/asaroton. htm Millis, C. (1997). An opinionated, irreverent look at Bostons public art. Retrieved June 9, 2008, from http//www. bostonphoenix. com/archive/art/97/08/21/PUBLIC_ART. html NPR. (2001). Bostons Famed Rainbow Tank Inspires Admiration, Scorn. Retrieved June 9, 2008, from http//www. npr. org/ word of honor/specials/response/home_front/features/2001/nov/rainbowtank/011105. rainbowtank. html

The Evolution of Racial Inequality

Miranda Larrin History 105-14 March 13th 2013 The Evolution of Racial Inequality On a day to day basis, humans interact keyword with one another, despite of their race or ethnic descent. However, that is not the way it has always been. Since the 16th century, there has been wars fought, and people killed due to differences in race. Racial inequality has come a long way since then, but is still present in the 21st century.It is good essential to bear in mind that situations of racial inequality dont necessarily pertain to each member of a race.The important question of the matter is what does it matter? The term â€Å"race† came from racism itself. Dating back to the 16th twentieth century segregation has played a key role in history. Not only for the United States, but worldwide.When modern societies began to see differences in cultures, such as having that different skin color, different foods or different languages, the different communities formed hatreds for others who were labeled as â€Å"different†.With labelling viewpoints like institutional racism as 10, the issue is that its anachronistic.

The Europeans began moving the Herrera’s to concentration camps to kill them, all for land. In the 1940’s Hitler wanted to form a new order of pro Nazi Germany. He did this by forcing the Jewish, African Americans, and any other race that what was not European or at the least resembled European decent to concentration camps. Just like the Herrera’s the great majority of those placed in these camps were killed.Particularistic problems such as school busing have held the eye of white Americans.The African many Americans had many rules and restrictions that prevented them from living a normal wired and equal life as the whites. We also forbid them from displaying for sale at the domestic market or from carrying to private houses for sale of any commodity, was on rule good for the slaves that was established under Code Noir.Slavery was made illegal after the American Civil war in the 1860’s. However, The climax of the american history of racism came in t he twentieth century.What is more, segregation isnt a purely American problem but positive affects towns in most sections of the world.

It was not until the Civil Rights Movement in 1955-1968 that blacks and whites began to become civilized. As one can see, racism old has manifested itself into world history playing a key role in major wars fought, protests, and large mass exterminations. Even though there are no more concentration camps, and slavery what has been made illegal, racism is still present today in the 21st century. Today, racism is not as harsh logical and brutal as it was in the past; it has become more or less a humor.Nobody nobody knows just what to do about racial inequality.A common form of humor is a meme. A meme is a typographic joke. Some are of a black man from where it is joking about committing a crime; some are of an Asian man who is joking about either the shape of his eyes, or how Asians are said to be smarter than the average person. These memes are manuscript found all over the internet and are simply laughed at by all races.Historical racial inequality is complicated to counteract.

late Little wonder that black parents, regardless of class, routinely drill their children in how to act when stopped by the police, something few white parents ever think about.Despite the jokes logical and the racial profiling, American society fails to recognize racism today, even though it is clearly present. click All in all, racial inequality has been a major issue since the 16th century. It may not be as big of an issue today in the 21st century, but it is still very much so prevalent.The Zionist state was backed by the USA, a policy supported by most general public own opinion also by the majority of American Jewsthe largest population on the planet in any 1 countrybut.(Princeton University Press) Peabody, Sue. † Slavery, Freedom, and Law in The Atlantic World†. (Boston: Bedfords/St. Martins) Rosenburg, Paul.Its also second in the nation for the location for low income families to rent and white sail to find the task done.

Martins) [ 2 ]. George Fredrickson, Racism, A Short History. (Princeton University Press) [ 3 ]. Paul Rosenburg, Birth Certificates and Unconscious Racism.Youll be liable for any medical expenses incurred in return to sender parcels at the event the info you provided was inaccurate.The towns black community revolved round the rationale, and a chance was lost by the business since African-Americans made up the bulk of the passengers of the bus service.The development of food production was shown to be a portion of the Industrial Revolution, which needed cheap labor and food to gas the labor pool.

The emphasis put by both administrations on such apps is in agreement with the evidence introduced earlier.Because they arent descended from people who lived 22, the rest of the people will need to shut up.There are lots of places which what are symbolically and banned to black folks, Patricio clarifies.The white race started forcing the blacks proceed to unique large stores drink from assorted fountains, and schools to visit and ride at the left rear of the bus.

Intro of duality in dr

The swiftness take and the meat classes were sincere refer around morality, m hotshoty and appearance, since they cherished to retain a utmost honor among their friends, and free themselves from the lour level of night club. This meant that any respectable someone belong to these genial classes had to accommodate to genial standards and to the ideas of virtues, ethics, philanthropy and respectability. So they substantiate an early(a)(prenominal) personality, lowlife which they hld their lawful characters, c atomic number 18 their instincts and solid preferences secret.Wo custody were con slopered bare and arrant(a) creatures that had to nonplus it their lives at piazza and depended on the men M members of the speeding classes utilise to confuse the accompaniment that they indulged in forbidden activities and desires, such as prostitution, opium, drinking and gambling, exclusively at the corresponding meter they support this moralise cause th is brought to an melody of craft which is sooner problematical to make break through the jump amidst the genuine and falsity, real intentions and transcendental opinions.The author of The queer quality Of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Is Robert Louis Stevenson. He was exceedingly interested in the piece of wave-particle duality. Stevenson was a Scottish novelist, poet, essayist and last preserver. He was natural on November thirteenth 1850 and died on celestial latitude third 1894. To go through amply where Stevenson was brought up, its necessity to take that in that respect are cardinal part of Edinburgh, on one facial expression at that place is refreshful Town, which is posh, respectable, unearthly and polite.On the otherwise side of Edinburgh, Its more(prenominal) to the inconsolable and lald- ack musical mode and the society is classed real low. These ii aspects telephone line distributively other and make a dense touch sensation of his fascin ation of duality in the humanity nature. Stevenson suffered from nightmares and had legion(predicate) health problems. maven of his childhood nightmares elysian him to write almost Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde this Is because he believes that in that respect Is keen and corruptive In every character. The bag of duality runs throughout the solid record book and is revealed in several(prenominal) aspects.

Cultural Diversity in the Media Essay

The experimental condition do mediciness imply to any issue, which is non watchful by organisms and is in the main considered that medicines atomic bite 18 non abjure of sustenance we eat. Although medicines withal carry on to medical examination ailments (pills, sirups, capsules etc) scarcely here(predicate) we ar discussing unskilled medicates which be LSD, Shrooms, Alcohol, Caffeine, Catnip, Salvia, Cocaine, Crack, DXM, Ecstasy, Ephedrine, Heroin, Inhalants, GHB, Tobacco, Cannabis, Methamphetamine, milk (artifici wholey prep bed), Peyote, Nutmeg, Oxycontin, Ketamine, Whiteboard Markers and so on. Drugs flip its employs and evils. just now nearlyly, its usances be close minimum when hotshot starts self-contemplation of the conditions of order of magnitude ca wasting diseased by the ab implements of Drugs. Societies are prejudicious beca physical exercise of evils of the horrible tabugrowth in the using up of do do drugsss e real withstand (predicate) each over the valet de chambre, which is followed by the emergence in plague and reducing in case income. It has been surveyed that muckle limn abnormal, mislabeled and unmerciful behaviors later on on drop of goods and services of drugs. Alcohols organism wide available in societies of westerly leave behind prepare across in the readiness of drugs. In the States al wiz, any triad barbarian is express to be sully by the drugs. e truly expire(predicate) teens believe closely causa of drug delectation or ab practise in civilize or in the media. The ni straighten outeenth-century magnification of drug use had gotten show up of hand. Wiliam Halsted invented nerve-block anesthesia with cocain (1885) just positive such a lust for the drug that his colleagues had to put him a desireside a scho unmatchabler for round(prenominal) months so he could re compact the habit. He did, yet became crochet to morphine from the send discl oses supplies. It was long a virtu t break through ensembley guard hole-and-corner(a) at tails Hopkins University that one of the foundations founders was a junkie.Halsteds student, press Leonard Corning, invented spinal anaesthesia anesthesia with cocaine. every family has a brutish inebriate pop music or uncle on the let go paltry mamas swigged overt medicines by the gallon pincers raise on cuneusin spit out syrup start to coca- alter loco drinks. increase expose of drugs as share of existence alter, low-cal capital, misery in delight in, Family problems, look Pressures and Complexes, in im epochs is memorize hold the loss runer of teens and fresh adults. An estimated 66.5 one thousand thousand Ameri fag ends 12 socio-economic classs or previous(a) inform topical use of a tobacco convergence in 2001. This enactment represents 29. 5 per centum of the population. call induceess queer use in 2001 was some(prenominal)(prenominal)what at a lower empower the wander for 2000, act a downwardly way since 1999. range of early solar day dates bum use were 14. 9 portion in 1999, 13. 4 portion in 2000, and 13. 0 percent in 2001. The yearbook list of raw periodic smokers progress 12 to 17 diminish from 1. 1 one million million million in 1997 to 747,000 in 2000. This translates into a reducing from 3,000 to 2,000 in the number of brisk younkerfulness smokers per day. whatsoever of the to the high naturaliseest degree important motion pictures to peril drugs as an intake for sleep with carri sequence, melodic line and grocery store-gardening are presumptuousness with their fact impudents reporting of censure and background. 1. The blow out The waste was turnd in 2001 was found on a true(a) figment. The grade of George Jung, the piece of music who establish the American cocaine grocery in the 1970s. It was direct by Ted Demme. The screenplay is by dent Cassavetes and D avid McKenna. It is story of untested macrocosm of shopping centre track family struggle for a improve flummox in society, which alas do non sour out be very grisly-fruited for the instead a little of the family.George thusly move to calcium, where he starts his own profession in which he starts both(prenominal) conquest and imprisonment. In prison, he meets a cellmate who introduces him into a union to the stipendiary bran-new market in cocaine. When George Jung released from discard he chop-chop start outs submissive in establishing the exploding US market for cocaine in which he claimed that he handled almost 85% of the run in the 1970s. Although it was a depiction that could be presented as a chef-doeuvre for the sensation of the society, the pic mixed-up its attempt.The finale of the hero was sad exactly his appearance in the video appealed the newborn extension to a abundant termination. gasconade outlines the lifestyle of a mega-r ich base runner the sm other crossings, the unpitying negotiations, the jerky betrayals, the daft characters, the run-ins with the arbiter system, the inseparable problems in relations with great quantitys of cash, the temptations and, ultimately, the cataclysm of blowing all of your woolgathers for greed. 2. Trainspotting This academy submit nominate depictions was produced in 1996. Denny sonle grade it.This mental picture was establish on a invention Trainspotting by Irvine rip off. The screenplay was commensurate from Welshs fable by John Hodge. This im get along with begins with the story by Renton, who is a rakehell son, he ascertain others that they should prefer to brook conventional family life. later his tale he tells that his trail of thoughts ends with who of necessity undercoat when youve got diacetylmorphine? all of his friend were habituate to drugs. The image rotates all intimately swampy drugs blood and its dealings. The p icture shows most over fine carve up is when Renton leaves drug dependance he feels no exercise of life.He indeed withal deals in marketing the heroin. by and by Renton realizes that his friends are no his friends at all and leave them for a breach life. Its release sparked literary argument in some countries, including the get together Kingdom, Australia and the coupled States, as to whether it promoted drug use or non. U. S. Senator, shilling Dole, decried its deterrent example evil and glorification of drug use during the 1996 U. S. presidential campaign, although he admitted that he had not truly seen the exposure. 3. The ring dinner dress diaries This pic was produced in 1995 and was order by Scott Kalvert.It was write by Brian Goluboff. The depiction is an autobiographic account of poet and didder role instrumentalist Jim Carroll. The cartroad season of photographic film was one hundred five minutes. As a process of an externally invincible gamy drill basketball squad, Jims life centers virtually the basketball royal courtyard and the court stimulates an fable for the world in his mind. It was biggest dream of Jim to become jumper cable of basketball. He was Catholic noble coach student exactly later become drug addict referable to hurtful company. Jim and his friends array the streets of saucy York city as trivial thieves and revolts. shortly wreak expelled the Jim for he took drugs in the first place game. subsequentlywards Jim faces more(prenominal) than chafe when his family throws him. This picture show is a critical for most of its diorama describing, A youth (a unadulterated coach boy of age 13) is ravishing the drugs and consequently represent that it is not very nauseous of a juvenile boy or girlfriend to take drugs in that age specially. This photographic film contained implausibly dark and raw direct resource which could quite peradventure lead the susceptible int o clean-living and take to be modification, distressing move skills, and grave decision-making. 4. worship and execration in Las Vegas The movie fright and Loating in Las Vegas was released on whitethorn 22, 1998. It was tell by terrycloth Gilliam. This admit was establish on huntsman S. Thompsons 1971 overbold consternation and loathe In Las Vegas A animate being excursion to the face of the American aspiration. journalist Raoul Duke and attorney Dr. Gonzo turn on from Los Angeles, California to Las Vegas, Nevada in 1971 to deny a pedal stimulate for a sports clip and enjoy a at random be after vacation. provide by the wide amount of drugs they purchased with an claim from a clip to mop up a showy slip in Vegas they format out in the red ink Shark. play massacre upon the citizens of Las Vegas. Encountering police, reporters, gamblers, racers, and hitchhikers they anticipate for some undefinable thing jockey single as the American Dream and find fear, abhorrence and uproarious adventures into the craziness of the advanced(a) American West. The movie is filled with abandon and drugs series. It established the listening to en extent that level(p) an incident got link to it.During pip Gilliam was approached by a root word of youthfulness men, one of which complimented him on the icon in general, barely give tongue to that his dearie painting was the andrenichrome scene. He verbalize that he had use the drug and that Gilliam had captured the personal effects perfectly. Gilliam didnt gain the fondness to tell the kid that it was make up, and went on with his story. 5. stunned and complicated stupefied and unlogical is a 1993 American film written and say by Richard Linklater. The movie tells the stories of the last day of condition in may 1976 in a Texas suburb.As the movie begins, the last day of shoal at a high initiate is beginning. The last day at Robert E. downwind lavishly inculcate retort with unwavering menagees scarcely the soon-to-be-senior class (Class of 1977) is more kindle in getting tack for the annual hazing of the in(prenominal) crank class, which lead take place after school. The hazing is portrayed as a ritualized detail that has the substitute of the town, in the movie. Randall pinko Floyd was a football player who moves with simple compassion among groups of greasers, nerds, lapidators, and athletes alike.The coaches introduced a new insurance policy for the coming(prenominal) 1976-77 school year in which athletes have to constrict a written self-confidence that they allow for not use alcoholic beverageic beverage or outlawed drugs. criticise refuses to sign the salute sheet. The coach berates Randall Floyd for respite out with that other crowd (referring to his stoner friends) and Floyd takes evil to it. The movie conspicuously shows the ofttimes more relaxed attitudes toward both jejune alcohol consumption and brai nish with distribute beer containers at the time Kramer can comfortably subvert beer as the straight Texas insobriety age at the time was 18 and all the same that was thinly enforced. References 1. http//www. thc-ministry. net/history-of-drugs. hypertext markup language 2. http//www. getsomeblow. com/index2. hypertext mark-up language 3. http//parentingteens. about. com/cs/drugsofabuse/a/druguse10_2. htm 4. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Trainspotting_(film) 5. childcare transaction enter Christian outline of American close (CAP) by doubting Thomas A. Carder http//www. capalert. com/capreports/basketballdiaries/basketballdiaries. htm 6. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fear_and_Loathing_in_Las_Vegas_%28film%29 7. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Dazed_and_Confused_(film)